ABSTRACT
The effect
of pesticides, chchlorodipheny trichloroethane (DDY) and Benzene hexaxhoride
(BHc) on the microflora of the three
types of soil (loamy, clay and sandy soil) was conducted. The serial dietitian
technique was employed up to 10-3 using nutrient agar, potato
dextrose agar and sabourand agar plates. The isolation of both bacterial and
fungal organisms were made before
treating the soil types with the two pesticides), D.D.T and BHC. and after treating the soil types with D.D.T
after treating and BHc. The highest
bacterial count before treating the soil types with D.D.T and BHc was got in
loamy soil with 133 per ml having PH
7.1, followed by clay soil with 78 per ml and
least was sandy soil with 42 per ml. while the highest bacterial
count after treating the soil types with
D.D.T was gotten in loamy soil 105 per ml, followed by clay soil with 51 and least count was got in sandy with 28
per ml. Also the highest bacterial count
after treatment with BHc was obtained in loamy soil with 12F per ml, followed
by clay soil with 64 per ml and the least count was got from sand soil with 37
per ml. The highest bacterial isolate from all the soil types before treatment with the two pesticides was
pseudomonas with 25 per ml, followed by Bacillus SPP with 24 per ml, and next was achnomycetes with 19 per ml while the least bacterial organism was
Rhizobrium SPP. The fungal organisms isolates were Aspergillus species,
syncophatastrum species, pernicillum species and mucor species. The results of
this project showed that there was reduction in microflora of the soil types
after treatment separately with the two pesticides. But the effect was more
with D.D.T than with BHc. Also the
effects of the two pesticides was highest in sandy soil followed by clay and
lastly the loamy soil.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title pages
Certification page
Acknowledgement
Dedication page
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.2
Aims and objectives
1.3
Statement of problem
1.4
Hypothesis
1.5
Limitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1 Pesticide
labeling and safety
2.2
Various classes and types of pesticides.
2.3
Effects of pesticide on population of invertebrates in
soil
2.4
Effects of
pesticides on population of vertebrates in the soil
2.5
Effects of pesticides on population of micro organism
in the soil
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods
3.1 materials
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Sterilization
3.2.2 Collection of pesticides
3.2.3 Collection of three types of soil loamy clay
sandy
3.2.4 Preparation of media
2.2.5 Playing technique
3.2.6
Microbial count, staining and microscopic work
3.2.7 Identification of would
3.2.8 Biochemical test for identification
CHAPTER FOUR
Result
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussions
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Conclusion and recommendation
6.1
conclusion
6.2
recommendation
References
Appendix
sCHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
According to
crupta and Daroren (2003) soil is that portion of the surface of the land which
is essential for plant growth. Plant are anchored in the soil by their root,
which spread in all direction and which by holding on to the soil keep the
plant in position plant draw all their water and most of their food or nutrient from the soil.
Soil is therefore the source of food for plants, animals and man. Soil is of
different types, sandy, clay and loamy soil. Sandy soil has or size range of 0.2 to 2mm
diameter. They are free draining and do not retain any appreciable amount of
soil water. It is brown loose and dry. While clay soil range in size from
0.002mm and lower and contains more than 40% of clay particles. They are
sticky, plastic and easily moldable into shape. Another type is loamy soil which
contains a fair balance of clay , silt and sand particle and it is the
best soil for agriculture, as it has a
high proportion of organic matter or content soil organic malter represents on
accumulation of partially decayed and
animal residues. Such material is continually being broken down as a
result of the work of soil micro –organism consequently. It
is a rather transitory soil constituent
and must be renewed constantly by the additionb of plant residues. The organic
matter content of a soil is small, only 3-5 percent by weight in a
representative minerals topsoil. It is a major soil source of two important
mineral elements namely phosphorous and suefur and essentially the sole source
of nitrogen. Through its effect on the physical condition of soil, organic
matter also increase the amount of water a soil can hold and the proportion of
water available for plant growth. Further more
organic matter is the main source of energy for soil microflora. Without
it biochemical activity would come practically to a stand still soil organic
matter consist of two groups (a) Original tissue and its partially decomposed
equivalent and (b) the humus. The original tissue include the under composed
roots and the tops of higher plants. The materials are subject to vigorous
attack by soil organism and both plant
and animal which use them as sources of energy and tissue building
material. The gelatinous, more resistant products of this decompository both
the synthesized by the micro organisms and those modified from the original
plant tissue are collectively known as HUMUS. This material, usually black or
brown in colour is coloidal in nature. Its capacity to hold water and nutrient
ions greatly exceeds that of clay, its inorganic counterpart. Small amount of
humus thus augment remarkably the soil capacity to promote plant production.
According
to Burges and Raw (1967) loamy like clay is a product of degradation and
synthesis. And the agencies responsible are the living organisms in the soil
both the animal (fauna) and the plant (flora). These organism engineer a myriad
of biochemical changes as decay takes place. They also physically chum the soil
and help stabilize soil structure. A rast number of organism live in the soil. By
far the greater proportion of these belong to plant life. Yet animal are not to
be minimized especially in the early stage of organic decomposition.
Edward and
lofty in 1969 explain that the activities of specific group of soil organisms
are commonly identified by (a) their numbers in the soil (b) their weight per
unit volume or area of soil (biomass) and (c) their metabolic activity.
Although the relative metabolic activities are not shown, they are generally
related to biomass of the organism. As might be expected, the numbers are
highest among the micro organism. So great are microflora number that they do
minate the biomass in spite of the minute size of each individual organisms.
The microflora monopolize the metabolic activity in soil. It is estimated that
60-80% of the total soiil metabolism is due to the microflora.
They
further said that some of the many naturally and artificially occuring
substance have deleterious effect on the life of at least some species of
organism in the soil by inhibiting the development of these species. However,
there is continuing concern that these chemical substance may also adversary
affect various non parasitic segment of the soil microflora. These chemical
compound substance are called pesticide. Pesticides are therefore material useful for the control
nutigation of animals detrimental to human or economy. Algaecides,
deforlant and descant herbicides plant growth
regulator and fungicide are used to regulate population of undesirable
organisms which compete with or pristine
crop or namental plants. Attractant insecticides, muticides, accredits,
molluscide, nematodes, repellant and rodenticide are used principally to reduce parasitism and trasmission in
domestic animals, the loss of crop plant, the destruction of processed food textile wood products as well as
parasitism and disease transmission to human.
Jones
(1956) and fletcher (1960) have shown the effect of different pesticide on
type, number and activities. They explain that herbicide and insecticides can destroy
soil micro organism or suppress their activities if applied at excessive rate.
But when applied at recommended rate these chemicals reach soil concentration
of more than 2 or 3 part per million
(PPm) however, some pesticide are obtained from plant and minerals, while few
other are obtained by the mixed culture of micro organisms insecticides like
pyrethin, cruelties and nicotine are
extracted from plant. Also toxin produced by bacillus thuringiesis are
active ingredient against moth and butterfly larrac. The toxins are sometime
called miracle gene”. DDt is an out standing example of insecticide and
probably the most commonly used pesticide. It is known to contain remarkable
properties and does not occur naturally too. Its first synthesis was recorded in 1874 by a German research
chemist called. Zeidler
In the mid
60s, the benefits steaming from the
ability of DDT to control insect pest could be counter balanced by adverse
effects on other element of the enriroment. Detailed reviews of properties, stability,
prehistoric and impact upon all facets of the environment were carried out with DDT and other chlorinated organic
insecticides. Concern over the
undesirable effects of pesticide culminated insecticides, fungicide,nd
rodenticide act (FIFRA) by public. Law
o2-516, the federal environmental
pesticide control act (FEPCA) in united state of American to prevent
unreasonable environmental hazard from pesticides for general and restricted
users as a function of acute toxicity Benzene hexachloride (BHC) is an
organochiloride pesticide for its efficiency in the control of anthropoid
pests. There is fear that BHc will probable have adverse effect on non targeted
microflora of the soil the aplastic
anemia reported in individual said to have been exposed to BHC has been
attributed to benzene, which causes aplastic anaemia. But BHc is based on
cylohexane. Which does not cause anaemia (grawhill 1982).
1.2
AIM AND
OBJECTIVES
i. To determine the effect of
pesticide dicblorodipheny trichloroethane (DDT) and benzene hexachloride (BHC)
on the microflora of three types of soil.
ii. To isolate soil microflora from the three
types of soil.
Iii To identify soil microflora of the three
type of soil.
iv.
To determine the type of soil that is mostly affected
by pesticides.
1.3
STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
According to
(Higa 1990) Agricultural practices can have a significant positive and negative
impact on soil. For example wrong application of pesticides (DDT) and BHC)
is detrimental to soil microflora.
Therefore it is necessary to determine the effect of D.D.T and BHC. On the microflora of three types o soil.
1.4
HYPOTHESIS
Ho Pesticides do have detrimental effect on the microflora of three
types of
soil.
Ho Pesticide do not have detrimental effect on
microflora of the three types
of soil.
1.5
LIMITATION
OF THE STUDY
This project is
limited to the effect of Dichlorodipheny trichloroethane (DDT) and Benzene
hexachlofide (BHC) on the three types of soil such as sandy, loamy and clay
soil.
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