THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES CYPERMETHRIN AND LAMBDA - CYHALOTHRIN ON THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE SOIL AROUND MOUAU

ABSTRACT

The effect of Cypermethrin and Lambda-cyhalothrin on the microbial diversity of agricultural soil at American quarters around Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, was evaluated. Serial dilutions of the sample resulted in five bacterial isolate. Five bacterial isolate used for this study were identified as Proteus species, Klebsiella species, Bacillus species, E.coli, Streptococcus species. Isolated organisms were subjected to three different concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25% with 0% as the control concentration. The colonies of each bacterial isolate were calculated using colony forming unit per gram. The result, showed that bacterial isolate at higher concentration had more effect on the microbial diversity of the soil while the lower concentration inhibits. This work reviewed that the use pesticides at higher concentration could be detrimental to soil microorganisms especially soil bacterial which play essential role in bioremediation and maintenance of soil fertility.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                                                          i

CERTIFICATION                                                                                                                  ii

DEDICATION                                                                                                                        iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                                                                    iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                       v

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                                                  vii

ABSTRACT                                                                                                                           viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION                                                                                                      1

1.1       SOIL POLLUTION                                                                                                    3

1.2       AIM AND OBJECTIVES                                                                                          4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                           5

2.1       PESTICIDES                                                                                                              5

2.1.1    TYPES OF PESTICIDES                                                                                          10

2.1.2    USES OF PESTICIDES                                                                                             13

2.1.3    ADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDES                                                                           13

2.1.4    DISADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDES                                                                     14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                               15

3.1        COLLECTION OF PESTICIDES                                                                             15

3.2       SAMPLING                                                                                                               15

3.2.1    SELECTION OF SAMPLING AREA                                                                      15

3.2.2    SAMPLE COLLECTION                                                                                          15

3.2.3    SOIL SAMPLE PREPRATION                                                                                 15

3.3       MEDIA USED                                                                                                            16

3.4       STERILIZATION                                                                                                       16

3.5       QUANTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL ISOLATE                                                   16

3.6       IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL ISOLATE                                                     17

3.7       GRAM STAINING                                                                                                    17

3.8       CATALASE TEST                                                                                                     17

3.8.1    COAGULASE TEST                                                                                                 17

3.8.2    CITRATE TEST                                                                                                         18

3.8.3    MOTILITY, INDOLE, UREASE TEST ( MIU)                                                       18

3.8.4    TRIPLE SUGAR IRON TEST                                                                                   19

3.8.5    OXIDASE TEST                                                                                                        19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS                                                                                                                   20       

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION                                                                                    25

5.1       DISCUSSION                                                                                                                                     25

5.2       CONCLUSION                                                                                                           26

5.3       RECOMMENDTION                                                                                                 26                                                       

REFERENCES                                                                                                         28

LIST OF TABLES   

TABLE 1:       ISOLATED MICROORGANISMS IN RESPECT TO SITE                21

TABLE 2:       MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL

IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATES FROM SITE A, B AND C.                       22

TABLE 3:        TOTAL BACTERIAL LOAD OF SOIL SAMPLE FROM

 SITE A, B AND C.                                                                                        23

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Soil is a complex structure created by the influence of geology, topography, climate time and anthropogenic activities. As with air and water, human life could not be sustained without access to soil since it is the source of food. In addition to producing food, a good quality soil also acts as an environmental filter for cleaning air and water (Lennart and Stenberg, 1998). Soil quality encompasses not only the capacity of a soil for crop productivity but also food safety for humans and other animals. Soil microorganisms including bacteria and fungi are critical in decomposition and recycling and in creating and maintaining good soil structure by proper aeration and formation of humus and particle aggregate (Nolin et al., 1999). Soil contamination is caused by the use and presence of xenobiotic (man-made) chemicals which decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. Not using the chemicals results in higher soil quality (Johnston, 1986). The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has resulted in the accumulation of pesticide residue in soil and has altered the soil microbial communities by favouring the growth of those pesticide degrading organisms. Due to the xenobiotic features of pesticides, pesticides in soil can be persistent in the environment and eventually enter the food chain which causes reproductive failure in birds and even cancer in humans (Arias-Estevez et al., 2008). This increased risk occurs with both residential and occupational exposures (Gilden et al., 2010; McCauley et al., 2006). Studies have shown that the effects of pesticides on soil microorganisms can cause a ripple effect that can last for years. Furthermore, different pesticides promote or inhibit the growth of certain soil microorganisms (Lo, 2010). These organisms especially bacteria fungi and actinomyces decompose root residues and bring about many reactions necessary for plant growth and crop production. Soil is a dynamic living system containing many free enzymes, immobilized extracellular enzymes and some enzymes within microbial cells (VineelaDeborah et al, 2014). Soil enzymes play an important role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Several investigations were performed to study the effect of various pesticides on the activity of soil enzymes from different origins (Sannio and Gianfreda, 2001). The fertility of soil microorganisms depend on its chemical composition, organic matter content and qualitative and quantitative nature of soil microorganisms because they have a major role in the metabolism of both organic and inorganic soil constituents for plants (Purohit,2003). Various groups of soil microorganisms decompose organic matter and most of the carbon is liberated as CO₂ during their decomposition. Therefore, the evolution of CO₂ serves as a measure of the rate and content of organic matter decomposition by soil microorganisms in soil. The total amount of CO₂ liberated depends on the nature of material, the microorganisms concerned and the conditions of the decomposition. Soil respiration is a good index activity of microorganisms involved in organic matter decomposition (Komal et al., 1999). Insecticidal compounds are being increasingly used for the control of various insects, pests of brinjal and other field crops which ultimately reach the soil and persist for long period causing harm to soil microorganisms. There are many reports regarding the favorable effects of insecticides on the growth and activities of microorganisms in soil (Das et al., 1995; Bujin and Yongxi, 2002; Das and Mukherjee, 2000; Digrak and kazanici,2001). On the other hand, there are some insecticides which exert adverse effect on the growth of soil microorganisms (Komal, 1999; Bhuyan et al., 1992; Martinez-toledo et al., 1992; Tu, 1980). The effect of insecticides on soil microbial activities was temporary and it disappeared within short period of time (Bujin and Yongix, 2000; Komal et al., 1999). However, no definite conclusion can be made on the effect of different insecticides which exhibit manifold variation in toxicity (Das and Mukherjee, 2000; Komal et al., 1999).

1.1       SOIL POLLUTION

Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health. In modern economics, various types of activity, including agriculture, industry and transportation, produce a large amount of wastes and new types of pollutants.  Soil, air and water have traditionally been used as sites for the disposal of all these wastes.  For example, beef cattle in the United States are estimated to produce 92 million mt/year of manure, while dairy cattle produce 27 million mt/year (Tan , 1995).  Some of this manure may wash into nearby streams, and pollute rivers, lakes and soil. The most common kinds of waste can be classified into four types: agricultural, industrial, municipal and nuclear (Alloway, 1995).Agricultural wastes include a wide range of organic materials (often containing pesticides), animal wastes, and timber by-products.  Many of these, such as plant residues and livestock manure, are very beneficial if they are returned to the soil.  However, improper handling and disposal may cause pollution. Industrial waste products may be in gas, liquid or solid form.  The most important gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide(CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide1 (SO2).  They are produced by combustion in industry and by automobiles, and they pose a hazard to the environment. Food processing plants produce both liquid and solid wastes.  Another urban waste is municipal garbage.  This is made up of materials discarded by homes and industry.  It contains paper, plastic and organic materials. Some of these can be recycled by composting or they may be burnt or disposed of in landfills. Sewage sludge is the product of treatment plants.  The materials processed in the treatment plants are domestic and industrial wastes.  They are usually liquid mixtures, composed both of solids, and of dissolved organic and inorganic materials.  The water is separated from the solid part by a number of treatments before it is environmentally safe for discharge into streams or lakes. The content of major nutrients and micro nutrients in sewage sludge varies depending on the source.  Data indicates that the nitrogen content of textile sludge is generally high.  However, the heavy metal content is also high.  Some trace elements are required in small amounts by plants and animals, whereas others are hazardous to human health.

1.2       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research work was to determine the effect of pesticides,”Delthrin” (cypermethrin) and “Kombat” (Lambda-cyhalothrin) on the bacterial load of Agricultural soils around Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

Objectives:

1.     To isolate and identify resident bacterial species before the application of the pesticides.

2.     To determine of the effect of pesticides on the microbial load of the sites.

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