ABSTRACT
This study was aimed at investigating the effects of parents’
motivation and the academic performance of senior secondary school student. . To guide the study,
four objectives of the study,four research questions and four research
hypotheses were formulated. In
conducting this research, survey research setting was adopted to enable the
researcher to collect data from primary source using a quantitative method from
a pool of respondents in the stipulated sample size, as data will be coded and
inputted for computation and used to analyse the hypothesis for testing and
validation.
The population of the study consists five senior Secondary students in yaba
local government areas in Yaba Education Zone. The five secondary schools in
the zone have a population of two hundred and forty eight ,senior secondary
students. The research instrument was
questionnaire on
the effects of parents’ motivation and the academic performance of senior
secondary school student,
designed by the researcher and validated by experts. The reliability of the
instrument was established using Crunbach alpha method. The data collected were
analyzed using SPSS while chi-square was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05
level of significance. Students from
educated parents achieve more than those from uneducated parents in academics;
students from high-income status parents enjoy considerable advantage in
academic achievement than students of low income status parents because their
parents were able to afford necessary materials and equipment needed for
effective learning in the school; parental level of motivation also influenced
students’ academic achievement because motivation and reward served as a form
of reinforcement for children’s learning at school. Based on these findings,
the study recommended among others that parents should diversify their sources
of income to be able to provide fund for their children’s schooling. Parents
should equally realize the importance of using rewards and other measures to
motivate their children.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Research Hypothesis 7
1.6: Significance of the Study 8
1.7: Scope and Limitation of the Study 8
1.8: Definition of Term 8
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Conceptual Clarification
10
2.2.1 Concept
of Motivation 10
2.2.2 Concept
of Family Background
11
2.2.3 Concept
of Achievement 12
2.2.4 Concept
of Academic Performance 12
2.2.5 Concept
of Family Background 13
2.3 Theoretical
Framework 14
2.3.1 Parental
Attachment Theory 14
2.3.2 Self-determination
Theory
15
2.3.3 Maslow’s
Motivational Theory 15
2.4 Types
of Parental Involvement in Relation to Children's Academic 16
Performance
2.5 Parental
Role of Involvement and Children's academic Performance 17
2.6 Parental
Initiative of Involvement on Pre-school Children Academic 18
Performance
2.7 Time
of Parental Involvement on Children Academic Performance 19
2.8 Influence of Parents;
Motivation on Children’s Academic Motivation and 20 Performance.
2.9 Factors that Affect
Academic Performance of Students 21
2.10 Empirical Studies 27
2.11 Summary of Literature
Reviewed 34
CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Research Design 36
3.3 Population 36
3.4 Method of Data Collection 36
3.4.1 Primary Sources of Data 37
3.4.2 Secondary Sources of Data 37
3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique 37
3.6 Research Instrument 37
3.7 Validity of the Instrument 38
3.8 Reliability of the Instrument 38
3.9 Methods
of Data Analysis 38
3.10 Imitation
of Research Methodology 38
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH
FINDINGS
4.1 Presentation of Research Findings 39
4.2 Distribution of Students
by Secondary School 40
4.3 Test of Hypotheses 48
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 52
5.2 Conclusion 52
5.3 Educational Implication of the Findings of
the Study 53
5.4 Recommendations 55
5.5 Suggestions
for Further Research 56
References 57
Appendix
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education is the best legacy
parents can give to their children. The development of the nation starts from
the family. When the family succeeds in teaching and impacting good values in
their children, the country becomes a better place to live. It is generally
believed that the basis for any true development must commence with the
development of human resource. Formal education is the demonstration of such
desires to effectively and efficiently build a sound and strong economy.
Numerous factors have been identified in various research studies to be
responsible for the continuous declining of our educational system. Various
factors such as classroom size, poor teacher-student ratio, in-adequate
instructional materials, attitude of teachers towards work and lack of
seriousness in part of students.
With the availability of more qualified
teachers, improved technology and facilities for teaching and learning,
educational system in Nigeria is still losing it values.Motivation for this
study is based on the fact that some students are exceptionally good in their
work, while some extremely bad. When such variations in scores are traced it is
more often discovered that family background is a major contributory factor. It
is therefore important that the levels of such contributions and the influence
they have on children be examined so that useful suggestions to parents,
teachers, educational planners and government could be made. Orhungur (2010)
asserts that the cultural background of the family is determined to a large
extent by its socio-economic background. As the child grows up moves out to the
interest wider society his/her interaction with it and perception of it are
largely determined from her earlier, experiences at home. The family setting
and its socializing influence mould the personality of the child. Nigeria, for
instance is a society with diverse ethnic groups with various cultural
background in areas like family size, occupation and in extreme cases,
religion. These factors pose their own restrictions on educational upbringing
of children. The social sitting or mode of settlement of the family and
extended family system may equally influence the academic performance of a
child and by extension, their educational upbringing. Motivation is most need
in order to perform more efficiently in their area of endeavor. When certain factors
are eminent in a child’s family background, it is clear that the child will be
motivated and driven towards high academic goal. Denga (2006) in Eyake (2007)
advised that praises, incentives, recommendations and other forms of reward
system should be employed as motivational factors to stimulate students to
higher achievements. It is likely that the much a child achieves during his
school days is largely dependent on the kind of family to which he/ she
belongs. For instance, a child whose parents take a great deal of interest in
what he/ she does at school and give him / her necessary support by providing
all the required books and finances needed has a great advantage over a child
whose parents do not give him this kind of incentives and encouragements. More
so, students’ attitudes to learning and educational performances are shaped by
the kind of stimuli offered to them by their various environments. This can be
considered in terms of the type of family, the home, parental social
orientation, educational level, occupation to mention but a few. It is
therefore, evident that students’ performance is contingent on the stimulus the
home offers.Educational upbringing is not unconnected with the family influence
of a child. Individual members of the family serve as a model to the child as
he/ she copies from each of them. Eyake (2007) quoted. Adeyemo (2007) if the
house fails to provide the child with the necessary equipments to fit him/ her
into his proper place in the society and guided properly for his/ her future
career, then the child is damaged. An analysis of the percentage of secondary
school dropout today entails that such students are usually from broken homes,
wiring polygamous family or with other socially related problems.The agrarian
and large families have accounted for the polygamous life of people. The large
the size of the family, the more economic and other social responsibilities the
parents bring upon themselves. And more often than not, the educational
performance of students from such family suffer serious setback. This is
because such parents might not be able to afford the cost funding education for
the children.Other factors may affect the education performance of students
like separation on grounds of different working station, divorce or even
natural death can bring adverse effect on the growth and development of a
child.
Furthermore, economic position of
parents is one of major factors that can influence greatly the educational
upbringing of a child. In most families, either or none of parents may be
earning income sufficient enough to sustain the family, faced with malnutrition
and other emotional and psychological effects, the mental development of the
child would be greatly retarded. Orhunger (2005) adds that a low income
family with plenty of feeding problems may produce children who physical and
mental development poses real challenges to the schools effort at optimum
development of the child.
In
the contemporary world, improvement in pupil’s/students’ academic performance
is recognized as the foremost objectives of education. Educational activities
are regarded towards ensuring that student achieve mastery of educational
goals. In ensuring that every child partake in schooling,, the National Policy
on education enacted a law that primary educations should be tuition free,
universal and compulsory (be that as it was, when a child leaves school
intermittently, it could be that the parent motivation on the academic
performance of the child is lag and lacking (Ugochi, 2014), and as such the
parent must endeavor to motivate the child so as to enhance and boost his/her
academic weakness.
According
to Muola (2010), student who are motivated are likely to perform well in their
examination. Salvin (2006) cited in Ugochi (2014) posited that motivation is
what get one going, and determine where one is to go. It is something which
prompt, compel, and energizes an individual to act or behave in a particular
manner at a particular time attaining some specific goal or purpose.Based on
this, motivation could be seen as the force that initiate guide and maintains
goal-oriented behavior such as learning, in order to achieve academically.
Motivation is crucial to students’ academic success at any age because children
form self-concept, values and belief about their abilities at a young age and
the development of early academic motivation has significant implication for
later academic performance and career (Slavin, 2006).In school both intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation has been found to be indispensible in children’s’
academic performance (Mangal, 2008). Students’ academic motivation is
manifested in different motivational level which could be high, moderate or
low. A high motivated student tend to be more hyper-active in learning and over
anxious in the learning environment; low motivated students could be
disruptive, and as a result is more likely to perform poorly which may lead to
truancy and school dropout. Moderate increase in motivation gives moderate
increase in performance, keep the students preserving on a task until some
result is achieved (Ngwoke, 2004).
Academic
performance of students is of utmost importance to parents, educators,
concerned Nigerians and government. Academic performance simple refers to as
accomplishing what ever academic goals one set for him/herself. Thus, Davidson
institute (2004) sees academic achievement which refers to as a measure of
quality of success one has in the mastery of knowledge, skills &
understanding. It is also the attainment of a standard excellence (Umeano
2010). Academic performance is the extent to which students make success in
academic work. Answer Corporation (2010) defined academic performance as the
degree or extent of acquiring excellence in the academic towards achieving
academic achievement. Academic performance cannot be divorced from academic
achievement as they are both entwined and intertwined which can hardly be
separated from each other.
From
all said, it has been shown by various studies that most of the students who
are successful, great achievers, and well adjust came from the families where
sustaining, wholesome relationship and parental care and motivation towards the
child’s academic performance exist.This study is tend to show the implication
of parents motivation and how it has a derivative effect on the academic
excellence, performance and achievement of the student.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The
academic performance of secondary school students in recent time has been a
source of concern to all. Parents, teachers, counsellors etc. have expressed
considerable concern about the deteriorating student’s performance. This poor
academic performance of pupils has continue to raise its ugly head despite the
measure put in place by the Federal Government in ensuring effective teaching and
learning. Common concern and complain of Secondary School teachers have been on
poor academic performance and low attention span arising from a steady decline
on students motivation and interactive learning. As a result, Secondary School
students get involved in problem behavior such as dropping out of school,
truancy, bully and social receptiveness.
These
disruptive behavior are traceable to what transpires between the parents and
their children at home. Thus, It seems that parent-child relation are faulty
and that the parent give no damn on the academic status and performance of the
students which has extensively cripple the students’ academic performance and
even lead to loss of self-concept. The parents motivation both intrinsic and
extrinsic on the student academic were lost and lust.
The gap
in performance between students and academic excellence constitute a great
source of worry and serious concern as well as discomfiture to both parents,
schools mangers, policy makers and various governments responsible for the
education of students’ in secondary school schools.Experience has shown that
among the secondary school students’ there exist some differences which
influence students’ academic performance, such as some students’ being able to
pay their school fees promptly, while others were often sent away
for nonpayment of school fees, some students have problem with the
provision of school uniform but others do not. Likewise, some students were
motivated by their parents through the provision of educational materials like
text books and exercise books, others were not, where as some students’ come to
school properly feed, others not. One then wonders whether influence of family
background had played a in these issues.
In the light of this, the main problem of this search is to find out if there
exist in Lagos metropolis a relationship between socio-economic status of
parents and students’ academic performance.This research work tends
to proffer solution on how parents should motivate their children towards
academic excellence.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
aim of this research is to find or showcase the effect, if at all, of how
parent motivation will tell on the academic performance of the student as well
as;
· Examine
the role parent played in the student’s academic performance.
· Find
out how parent motivation could influence their children’s academic performance
- To
find out if social-economic status of parents influence their students’
academic performance.
- To
investigate the relationships between students’ academic performance and
their family background characteristics.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In
order to achieve the derived objectives, the following research questions were
raised;
(i)
Does the role of parent played have an effect on student’s academic performance?
(ii)
To what extent does parent motivation influence children’s academic performance?
(iii)
Does social-economic
status of parents influence their students’ academic performance?
(v)
What is the relationship between students’ academic performance and their
family background characteristics?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: There
is no significant relationship between the role parent played and effect on
student’s academic performance.
H1: There
is significant relationship between the role parent played and effect on
student’s academic performance.
H0: There
is no significant relationship between parent motivation influence and
children’s academic performance.
H2: There
is significant relationship between parent motivation influence and children’s
academic performance.
H0:
There is no significant relationship
between social-economic status of parents and their
students’ academic performance.
H3:
There is significant relationship between social-economic
status of parents and their students’ academic performance.
H0: There
is no significant relationship between students’ academic performance and their
family background characteristics.
H4: There
is no significant relationship between students’ academic performance and their
family background characteristics.
1.6:
SIGNIFANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significance of this research work in the educational system cannot be
over-emphasized. If the result of the study properly utilized. It is going to
be beneficial to parents, the students, teachers, educators, government,
proprietor, counselors etc.
It
will help to understand the need for qualitative education, what, when and how
to provide supportive measures and motivation that will boost the students
moral and morale towards learning and help in building an evil free and
economically balanced society/ nation.
The work
of this nature when completed may help the parents to be aware of the effect
the parent has on children and how such affect the child positively or negatively
in relation to their academic performance. From the available recommendations,
they will be able to adopt measures of bringing up there in such a way that
they will perform well academically. Finally, the research when completed
may add to available literature and may encourage further research on the
topic.
1.7:
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The
study will analyze the effect of parent’s motivation on the academic performance
of Secondary School students in Yaba, LGA, Lagos State.
The
study is limited to some selected Secondary Schools in the area but being
mindful that the selected schools cut across all categories of schools-private
and public.
1.8:
DEFINITION OF TERM
The
term that require vivid clarification for ease of comprehensive in their
contextual use are defined and delimited for this study include:
(a)Parents:
A parent is a person who has conceived (biologically mother) or sired
(biological father) and whose genes are therefore transmitted to the child.
Section 576 of the Educational Act 1996 defines “parent” as;
· All
natural (biological) parent, whether they are married or not.
· Any
person who, although not a natural parent, has parental responsibilities for a
child or young person.
· Any
person who, although not a natural parent has care of a child or young person
(b)Motivation:
It
refers to internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in
people to be continually interested and committed to a job, roles subjects or
to make an effort to achieve a goal.
(c)Parent
Motivation: It include all supportive measures put in
place by parents in order to stimulate the effectiveness and efficiency of
their children.
(d)Socio-economic
status: It simply refers to as the status of the parent in the
society whether high, moderate or low class.
(e)Academic
Performance: It
represents performance outcome that indicate the extent to which a person has
accomplished scientific goals that were the focus of activities in
instructional environment specifically in school.
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