ABSTRACT
Iron (III) complex of a Schiff base (ligand) derived from thiosemicarbazide and salicyaldehyde was synthesized and characterized using UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy. Physical properties such as: solubility, melting point conductivity measurements were carried out. The Schiff base and the complex was also subjected to antimicrobial screening. Comparison of the IR spectra of the Schiff base and the metal complex indicated that the Schiff base functions as a bidentate ligand, Fe (III) coordinate with the ligand through nitrogen of azomethine group (C=N). Both the complex and the ligand were found to be soluble in acetone but insoluble in some solvent including water. The antimicrobial activity of the complex was found to be active against all the tested bacterial, while the Schiff base was inactive on Escherichia coli.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACOKNWLEEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Aims objective of the Study 2
1.3 Significance of the Study 3
1.4 Justification 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Schiff Bases: Overview and Synthesis 7
2.2.1 Definition and Properties of Schiff Bases 7
2.2.2 Methods of Schiff Base Synthesis 9
2.3 Coordination Chemistry of Metal Complexes 10
2.3.1 Transition Metal Complexes 10
2.3.2 Coordination Modes of Schiff Bases with Metal Ions 12
2.4 Antimicrobial Activities of Schiff Bases and Metal Complexes 13
2.4.1 Schiff Bases as Antimicrobial Agents 13
2.4.2 Antimicrobial Activities of Metal Complexes 15
2.6 Gaps and Rationale for the Current Study 18
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0Materials and Reagents 21
3.1 Materials 21
3.2 Reagents 21
3.3 Method 21
3.3.1 Preparation of Schiff base 21
3.3.2 Preparation of the Complex 22
3.4 Melting point 22
3.5 Conductivity measurement 22
3.6 Solubility test 22
3.7 Anti-microbial studies 22
3.7.1 Cultural media: 22
3.7.1 Determination of inhibitory activity (sensitivity test) of the metal complex and ligand using agar well diffusion method: 23
3.7.2 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 23
3.7.3 Determination of minimum bactericidal concentration 24
3.8 Characterization 24
3.9 Data Analysis 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 26
4.1 Physical properties of ligand and the complex 26
4.2 Solubility of iron (III) complex and the ligand 27
4.3 Infrared spectra of the ligand and the complex 28
Table 4.4: IR spectra of the synthesized ligand and complex 29
Table 4.5: Results for anti-microbial activity of iron complex showing diameter of zone in inhibition at varying concentration. 29
Table 4.6: Result for determination of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of iron complex at varying concentrations 30
Table 4.7: Results for anti-microbial activity of the ligand showing diameter of zon of inhibition at varying concentration. 30
Table 4.8: Result for the determination of the minimum inhibition concentration (M.I.C) and minimum bactericidal concentration (M.B.C) of the ligand at varying concentration. 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion and conclusion 32
5.1 Discussion. 32
REFERENCES 34
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Schiff bases and their metal complexes have been subjects of considerable interest in coordination chemistry and materials science (Liu and Hamon 2019). Schiff bases, formed through the condensation of a primary amine and a carbonyl compound, exhibit unique structural properties and diverse applications due to the presence of multiple coordinating sites. These ligands serve as excellent candidates for complexation with various metal ions, leading to the formation of metal complexes with intriguing properties (Ramdass et al., 2017).
Among the transition metal complexes, those involving iron (III) have garnered particular attention in recent years due to their potential applications in different fields (Han et al., 2016) Iron, being essential in biological systems, plays crucial roles in processes like oxygen transport, electron transfer, and enzyme catalysis (Read et al., 2021). The coordination of iron ions with Schiff bases can significantly influence the electronic and structural properties of both the ligand and the metal, resulting in the generation of compounds with distinct chemical and biological activities.
Schiff base metal complexes have shown promising biological activities and are studied in medicinal chemistry for their potential therapeutic applications (Chaudhary et al., 2021). These complexes have demonstrated antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties, making them attractive candidates for drug development. Additionally, they have been investigated as efficient catalysts in various chemical reactions, contributing to advancements in catalysis (Su et al., 2015).
In the realm of material science, Schiff base metal complexes have exhibited fascinating properties and have been utilized in the design of novel materials (Alfonso‐Herrera et al., 2022). The ability of these complexes to form coordination polymers and supermolecular assemblies has opened up new possibilities in tailoring luminescence, conductivity, and magnetic behavior in materials.
Despite the vast potential, Schiff base metal complexes remain an active area of research, warranting further exploration (Krishnan and Sheela (2022). The synthesis, characterization, and investigation of their properties hold the key to understanding the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms underlying their biological and catalytic activities.
In the context of this study, the research aims to synthesize a Schiff base ligand derived from the condensation of thiosemicarbazide and Salicylaldehydes, and subsequently coordinate it with iron (III) ions to form the corresponding metal complex. The investigation of their physicochemical properties through spectroscopic analysis and elemental characterization will provide insights into the structural features of the synthesized compounds. Moreover, exploring the potential applications of the Schiff base and its iron (III) complex in various fields will contribute to the growing body of knowledge and pave the way for the development of novel materials and therapeutics with enhanced properties and efficacy.
1.2 Aims objective of the Study
i. To synthesize a Schiff base ligand derived from the condensation of thiosemicarbazide and Salicylaldehydes.
ii. To coordinate the Schiff base ligand with iron (III) Chloride to form the corresponding metal complex.
iii. To characterize the synthesized Schiff base and iron (III) complex using IR and UV spectroscopy
iv. To evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base and iron (III) complex against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms.
1.3 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study lies in its potential contributions to both antimicrobial research and coordination chemistry. By investigating the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized Schiff base and its iron (III) complex, the study addresses the pressing issue of antimicrobial resistance and explores the development of novel therapeutic agents. The research aims to understand the structure-activity relationship between the Schiff base and metal complex, which could lead to the design of more effective metal-based antimicrobial agents.
Furthermore, the study's findings may have broader applications in various fields, such as catalysis and materials science, enhancing our understanding of coordination chemistry and inspiring further research in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Overall, the study's outcomes have the potential to add to scientific knowledge, offering valuable insights into the antimicrobial properties of Schiff bases and metal complexes and their role in combating infectious diseases.
1.4 Justification
The proposed study on the synthesis and antimicrobial screening of a Schiff base and its iron (III) complex holds paramount importance due to its multifaceted justifications and potential far-reaching impacts. At the heart of the research lies the pressing global concern of antimicrobial resistance, which has severely compromised the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial agents, leaving healthcare systems with limited treatment options for infectious diseases. In this context, the study endeavors to contribute to the urgent need for novel and effective antimicrobial agents by investigating the synthesized compounds' potential to combat drug-resistant pathogens.
The significance of the study further lies in the potential discovery of potent antimicrobial activity within the Schiff base and its iron (III) complex. This pivotal finding could serve as a pivotal stepping stone towards the development of novel therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and selectivity. Such discoveries hold the promise of revolutionizing the landscape of infectious disease treatment, providing alternative approaches that address the limitations posed by antimicrobial resistance.
A fundamental aspect of the study's justification rests on unraveling the intricate structure-activity relationship between the Schiff base and its metal complex. This deeper understanding of how metal coordination influences antimicrobial properties is paramount for the rational design and optimization of future metal-based antimicrobial agents. Armed with such knowledge, researchers and scientists can harness the potential of coordination chemistry to engineer more potent and targeted antimicrobial compounds, thus advancing the field of antimicrobial research.
The versatility of the study's objectives extends beyond medicinal applications. By exploring the coordination behavior of Schiff bases with iron (III) ions, the research contributes to the broader understanding of coordination chemistry's applications. This, in turn, opens up exciting possibilities in diverse scientific disciplines, from catalysis, where metal complexes serve as efficient catalysts in chemical reactions, to materials science, where novel materials with tunable properties are designed based on coordination polymers and supramolecular assemblies.
Furthermore, the implications of the research span into the realms of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. The antimicrobial activities demonstrated by the synthesized compounds can transcend beyond traditional medicinal uses, igniting curiosity and inspiring further exploration of their potential as therapeutic agents. The results may well act as a catalyst for novel drug development endeavors and spark new research pathways in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.
The far-reaching scientific impact of the study is indisputable. Its findings, expanding our understanding of the antimicrobial properties of Schiff bases and metal complexes, hold immense value in the advancement of coordination chemistry and antimicrobial research. These insights may serve as a launching pad for further investigations, propelling the boundaries of scientific knowledge and fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between metal complexes and biological systems.
Finally, the study's potential public health impact cannot be overstated. The urgent need for new and effective antimicrobial agents is a global imperative, as infectious diseases continue to pose significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. By identifying promising antimicrobial candidates, the research may have a substantial effect on healthcare strategies, ultimately improving treatment outcomes and potentially alleviating the burden of infectious diseases on a global scale.
In conclusion, the proposed study's justifications and potential impacts intertwine to present a compelling case for its significance. As it explores the synthesis and antimicrobial screening of a Schiff base and its iron (III) complex, the study not only addresses antimicrobial resistance but also holds the potential to usher in a new era of innovative therapeutic agents. It enriches coordination chemistry knowledge, paving the way for diverse applications in catalysis and materials science. Its implications for biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences are vast, potentially inspiring groundbreaking research in drug development. Moreover, its scientific contributions have the potential to propel the field forward, while its public health impact may shape healthcare strategies and alleviate the challenges posed by infectious diseases on a global scale.
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