ABSTRACT
This work titled ‘Statistical Determination of Socio-economic and Demographic Factors that Influence Contraceptive use by Men in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State’ aimed at identifying the determinants of contraceptive use among married men in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Multi-stage sampling design was employed in the selection of a sample of four hundred and sixty one (461) married men for the study. Descriptive analysis was employed to compute percentages of the variables. Cross tabulation was employed to examine the relationships of the independent variables and contraceptive use at 0.05 significance level. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relative influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on contraceptive use at 0.05 significance level. Cross tabulation result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the independent variables and contraceptive use. Logistic regression result showed that the significant socio-economic and demographic determinants of contraceptives use among the study sample are marriage duration of at least five years, religion, education, occupation, parity, number of living children, and age. The Hosmer Lemeshow test for goodness of fit of the logistic regression model is 87.9 percent and is highly significant (p-value > 0.05). This indicates that the model fitted is adequate.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
i
Declaration
ii
Certification
iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table
of contents vi
List of
Tables ix
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 5
1.5 Research Hypothesis 5
1.6 Justification of the Study
6
1.7 Limitation of the Study
6
CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
2.1
Population Growth and Consequent Food Shortage as a Result of Low
Contraceptive usage
7
2.2
Socio-economic Factors Influencing Contraceptive use 12
2.2.1 Education 12
2.2.2
Religion 14
2.2.3
Occupation
15
2.2.4
Knowledge of contraceptive methods
16
2.2.5 Marriage
duration 17
2.1.6 Type of marriage 18
2.3 Demographic factors influencing
contraceptive use
18
2.3.1 Number of living children 18
2.3.2
Number of children ever born (Parity)
19
2.3.3
Age of the men
20
2.4 Conceptual Framework 20
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
22
3.1 Source of Data 22
3.2 Sampling Design and Sample size
22
3.3 Methods of Analysis 25
3.3.1 Cross tabulation 26
3.3.2 Multicollinearity test
27
3.3.2.1
How to calculate the variance inflation factor 27
3.3.3
Logistic regression
29
3.3.3.1.
Estimation of logistic regression model coefficients 30
3.3.3.2
Interpretation of logistic regression result 33
3.3.3.2
Assumptions of logistic regression
38
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39
4.1 Results
39
4.2 Descriptive Analysis
39
4.2 Test
for Multicollinearity
44
4.3 Multivariate Results
45
CHAPTER
5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 58
5.1
Conclusion 58
5.2 Recommendation 58
References
59
Appendices 65
LIST OF TABLES
3.1
Selected autonomous communities and the number of villages they
have 24
3.2
Selected villages and the number of households 25
4.1
Percentage distribution of the respondents who knew about
Contraception by source of
information 40
4.2
Percentage distribution of the respondents by method of contraceptive
currently being used
41
4.3
Percentage distribution of current users of contraception by reason
of choice of method
41
4.4 Percentage distribution of non-users of by
reason for not using any
method of
contraception
41
4.5a
Distribution of the respondents by current use of family planning
methods by selected socio-economic
factors 43
4.5b
Distribution of the respondents by current use of family planning
methods by selected socio-economic
factors
44
4.6
Test for the presence of multicollinearity among the explanatory
variables
45
4.7
Result of logistic regression model on socio-economic predictors of
contraceptive use among married in Afikpo
North L.G.A, Ebonyi State 46
4.7.1
Model fitting criteria of socio-economic predictors of contraceptive use 48
4.7.2
Pseudo R-square for socio-economic predictors of contraceptive use 48
4.8
Result of logistic regression model on demographic predictors of
contraceptive use among married in Afikpo
North L.G.A, Ebonyi State 50
4.8.1
Model fitting criteria for contraceptive use on
demographic factors 51
4.8.2
Pseudo R-square for contraceptive use on demographic factors 52
4.9
Result of logistic regression model predicting the probability of
contraceptive use on married men in
Afikpo North L.G.A, Ebonyi State 55
4.9.1
Model fitting criteria of the socio-economic factors, demographic
factors and contraceptive use
56
4.9.2
Pseudo R-square for socio-economic factors and demographic
factors and contraceptive use
57
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
persistently high level of fertility in Nigeria, combined with declining
mortality, has given rise to rapid growth in population. The population growth
rate has increased from 2.0% to 2.7% per annum during the respective periods
1987-1998 and 1998-2008. High population growth has contributed to
environmental degradation, increase poverty and a deteriorating quality of life
for majority of people in the country (Ejembi and Dahiru, 2013).
According to the United Nations Departments of
Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, the world population was 7.5
billion (as at March 6, 2017) and it is projected to reach 8 billion by 2024
(United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 2015).
This would increase pressure on the already limited resources and aggravate
various social vices.
Socio – economic and demographic factors are key
variables to consider in any discussion of fertility regulation and in the
evaluation of family planning program. While some factors have contributed to
an increase in contraceptive use and subsequently to a decline in fertility in
some parts of Africa, it has had no impact on the levels of fertility and
contraceptive use in some other parts (Locoh, 2000).
The issue of family planning is an outcome of the
societal definition of male and female roles. Culturally, African men oppose
family planning programmes and in many African countries men usually make
decisions in matters of sex and family size. Within the frame work of family
planning, one of the current issues of concern is the clamour for the
involvement of men in all programme directed towards family reproductive health
as opposed to the previous singular emphasis on women (Ijadunola et al., 2014).
The rationale to consider men in family planning
necessitates the need to study male perspectives towards many concepts such as
fertility, contraception and reproductive health in general.
Though, some men may be unwilling to practice birth
control themselves, recent survey shows that men are more conscious users than
women when they do accept family planning (Stoke, 2000). Men are also more likely
than women to persuade their friends to accept family planning, and when male
family planning acceptors select female methods, they are, more often able
compared to women to get their partners to use them successful (Brown, 2000).
As efforts to bring family planning to women are almost exhausted, now is the
time to increase effort to include men in the family planning campaigns.
Decision making is an active process, which becomes
inevitable at varying time and place in human life. Paying attention to the
decision making of men becomes very logical following the facts that male
decisions in the family enjoy a lot of primacy. This is a fact, which holds in
virtually all societies whether developing or developed (Osheba, 2012). Men in
traditional African societies play important roles in most decisions especially
as regards family life. A number of cultural and institutional factors favor
men in this regard. In fact, the husband is viewed as the major decision maker,
while his wife is expected to abide by his decision. Moreover, there is
evidence that many African men and women believe that husbands should be the
primary decision makers, regarding contraceptive use and marital sexual
activity (Rashid, 2008).
The initiative to bring men into family planning focus
is of long standing, even before the recent international conferences, which
accounted for its prominence over the world (Shoral and Palmore 2009).
As early as the 1970`s, the International Planned
Parenthood Federation (IPPF) felt further improvements in the acceptance of
family planning were to a larger extent dependent on attitude, behavior and
some socio – economic factors of men. It had become apparent that male
opposition to family planning had to be dealt with, that there was the need to
promote contraceptive use among males, especially married men.
Research findings have shown that most men know about contraception
but not many men knew it uses (Shoral and Palmore, 2009). Among those who knew
it uses, what are some of the socio – economic factors that contribute to their
use of contraceptive? Is it their level of education, religious affiliation,
family size, sex of children etc?
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey
(NDHS, 2013) puts the maternal mortality rate at 576 deaths per 100,000 live
births. Statistics available have shown that only 12.5% of Nigerian males use
any form of modern family planning methods (Beckman, 2013)
In
the year 2014, the prevalence rate of contraceptive use among married men in Nigeria
was approximately 9 per cent (Ademola et al., 2014). This rate is very low in
spite of the high level of sexual activity and wide spread awareness of the
various contraceptive methods among many Nigerian married men. This accounts to
the high unintended pregnancies and to the prevailing high maternal mortality
rate (Ijadunola et al., 2014).
Every year, globally 40 to 60 million women seek
termination of unwanted pregnancy under safe conditions (Rashid, 2008). The
consequences of unintended pregnancy are serious, imposing appreciable burden
on children, women, men, families and their societies. Both unwanted and mis –
timed pregnancies are known to be associated with lack of adequate knowledge
and use of contraceptives, among men (Ezeh, 2006a).
This study intends to identify the major socio –
economic and demographic determinants of contraceptive use among married men in
Afikpo North Local Government Area in Ebonyi State.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
general objective of this study is to investigate the influence of socio –
economic and demographic factors on the use of contraceptives among married men
in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.
The
specific objectives are as follows:
i.
To examine the relationship
between socio- economic factors and
contraceptive use among
married men in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.
ii.
To examine the influence
of demographic factors on contraceptive use
among married
men in Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State .
iii.
To identify the
determinants of contraceptive use among married men in
Afikpo
North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Identification
of the important socio – economic and demographic factors that influence the
use of contraceptives among married men in Afikpo North L.G.A would be useful
in developing effective family planning programme for the study population.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The
following hypotheses were tested in the course of this study.
1.
Socio-economic factors
(Marriage duration, religion, type of marriage, education
level, and occupation) significantly
influence contraceptive use in the study
population.
2.
Demographic
factors (Number of children ever-born, number of living
children and age)
significantly influence contraceptive use in the study population.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Knowledge of contraceptive methods does not
translate to adoption of contraception. Understanding the factors responsible
for the low use of contraceptives among married men in Afikpo North L.G.A will
be useful in developing effective family planning programme for married men in
the study area.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study includes only married men. This may
bias downward contraceptive prevalence rate among men, because men who have
never married or were formally married were excluded.
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