SOLAR STREET LIGHT USING LED LIGHTING

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00005177

No of Pages: 77

No of Chapters: 5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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ABSTRACT

Solar energy is a renewable energy resource. The energy resource which directly produced by the sun can be converted to electricity by using solar cell. One of the application that using photovoltaic technology is street lighting. Solar panel and super bright LED can save energy compared to conventional street light beside not contributing to environmental pollution. Efficiency and power loss of solar street lighting system has been studied in this project and a prototype of solar street light using LED lighting which the brightness of super bright LED as same as using mercury or sodium lamp. The focus of this project is to minimize electricity energy usage based on energy efficiency and conservation guidelines established by Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM). The energy saving for solar street light system is important in order to make sure that energy resource can be used for a long term. At the end of this thesis, some recommendations have been proposed for improving the weakness of current project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

PROJECT BACKGROUND 1

1.1 General Introduction1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Scope of Project 3

1.4.1 Hardware 4

1.4.1.1 Main Components 4

1.4.1.2 Three Main Circuit 4

1.4.2 Software 5

1.5 Project Overview5

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Solar Energy 7

2.2 Rechargeable Battery 8

2.3 Photoresistor (LDR) 10

2.4 Super Light LED 11

2.4.1 The Advantages of LEDs 13

2.4.2 Energy Analysis 14

2.5 PWM circuit 16

2.6 Boost Converter Circuit 17

2.6.1 Introduction Boost Converter Circuit 17

2.6.2 Inductor Current with Positive Signal 19

2.6.3 Inductor Current with Negative Signal 20

2.6.4 Output Voltage Ripple with Positive 23

Signal

2.7 LDR Sensor Circuit 25

3 METHODOLOGY 27

3.1 Introduction 27

3.1.1 Hardware 27

3.1.2 Software 28

3.2 Overall Hardware 29

3.3 PWM Circuit 30

3.3.1 PWM Waveform Generation 30

3.4 Boost Converter Circuit 31

3.5 LDR Sensor Circuit 32

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION34

4.1 Process 34

4.2 Calculation Result 35

4.2.1 Specifications of Boost Converter 35

4.3 Pspice Simulation Result 36

4.4 Hardware Result 37

4.4.1 Using Multimeter 37

4.4.2 Using Oscilloscope 40

4.5 Discussion 42

5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions 44

5.2 Future Recommendations 45

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES 47

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Energy Saving, LED vs. Sodium and Mercury Lamp 15

Table 4.1 Specifications of Boost Converter 35

Table 4.2 Input Power 42

Table 4.3 Output Power 42

Table 4.4 Efficiency and Power Loss 42

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.	TITLE	PAGE
Figure 1.1	Project Overview	6
Figure 2.1	Solar Panel	8
Figure 2.2	Rechargeable Battery	9
Figure 2.3	Photo Resistor(LDR)	10
Figure 2.4	Part of a LED	11
Figure 2.5	The Inner Working of a LED	12
Figure 2.6	PWM output	17
Figure 2.7	Basic Circuit Boost Converter	18
Figure 2.8	Positive Signal at Gate MOSFET	19
Figure 2.9	Negative Signal at Gate MOSFET	19
Figure 2.10	Inductor Voltage and Inductor Current	22
Figure 2.11	Capacitor Current and Output Voltage	24
Figure 2.12	Photo Resistor Circuit Connection	25
Figure 2.13	Photo Resistor Circuit Connection with Transistor	25
Figure 3.1	Overall Hardware	30
Figure 3.2	PWM Circuit	31
Figure 3.3	Boost Converter Circuit	32
Figure 3.4	LDR Sensor Circuit	33
Figure 4.1	Pspice Simulation	36
Figure 4.2	Result Simulation	37
Figure 4.3	Input Voltage is 11.2V	38
Figure 4.4	Input Current is 0.42A		38
Figure 4.5	Output Voltage is 23.4V		39
Figure 4.6	Output Current is 0.18A		39
Figure 4.7	Output of PWM with Duty Cycle is 0.4016, Input Voltage is 12.2V and the Output Voltage is 20.2V		40
Figure 4.8	Output of PWM with Duty Cycle is 0.5085		41
Figure 4.9	Output of PWM with Duty Cycle is 0.5091 and the Output Voltage is 24.4V		41

LIST OF SYMBOLS

V - Voltage

I - Ampere

Ω - Ohm

R - Resistor (Load)

L - Inductor

C - Capacitor

PWM - Pulse Width Modulator

f - Frequency

LED - Light Emitting Diode

LDR - Light Dependent Resistor

D - Duty Cycle

- Input Voltage

- Output Voltage

- Input Power

- Output Power

% - Percentage Efficiency

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

PV - Photovoltaic

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE	PAGE
A SG3525 Datasheet	47
B IRL520N Datasheet	58
C TC4427 Datasheet	66
D MBR1060 Datasheet	72
E 2N4401 Datasheet	74

CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 General Introduction

Street lights are used for lighting streets at night. So that, the pedestrians, motorcyclist and motorist can see more clearly the path on the road. It can prevent the accidents from occurs. Nowadays, street lights are depend on the transmission lines which is produced electricity by Tenaga National Berhad. At this moment, many people are not satisfied with street lights. This is because if the fault occurred on transmission lines, street lights will not work properly. Streets will be dark and dangerous to the public. Normally, street light is designed from mercury or sodium lamp are very

wasteful because it used a lot of electricity.

Therefore, this project has been developed to overcome this problem. Using the solar panel at day time, battery will be charging to store energy. When night appears, rechargeable battery is used as a supply for turn on super light LED. It is save more electricity due to less consumes of energy. Solar energy is a renewable energy resource. The energy resource which is directly produced by the sun can be converted to electricity by using solar cell. One of the applications that using photovoltaic technology is street lighting. Solar street light can save energy compared to conventional street light beside not contributing to environmental pollution. In addition, by using super bright LED with brightness similar to street lights that use mercury or sodium lamp.

1.2 Problem Statement

The street lighting is very important and necessary to use for protecting street accidents and people life safety. The common street lighting system is connected to the power transmission line and operates at night only. Solar Street light is installed in rural area only which have no electricity supply and it rarely used.

Based on the observation, the operation of the common street lighting system is limited on certain period only. Normally, it uses timer which allows to the lamp operate from dawn until dusk. The energy wasting also occurs when the brightness of the lamp is the same even when the surrounding need low brightness. To produce high brightness, it consumes high power. So the street light system should be operating under variable brightness in order to save the energy.

Besides, the current lighting system which is normally use sodium and mercury lamp contribute to the environmental pollution. This is because these lamps consist of mercury that contributes to the pollution. By using the photovoltaic (PV) system, the system depends on sun energy as power supply which is only available in limited period. It causes the limited energy supply. In addition, super light LED used energy very minimum compared the lamp. So, the system must use the energy as minimum as possible but still can operate efficiently. This project attempted to find a solution to these problems.

1.3 Objective

There are two main objectives of this project. The first objective is to understand the operation of stand alone solar street light using LED lighting. Stand alone solar street light is a lighting system which is completely isolated from power transmission line. The purpose to understand this operation is to provide the improvement.

Second objective are to investigate and design the prototype a smart solar street light using LED lighting and boost converter. After studying the whole system of solar street light, a prototype of the intelligent solar street light which can save energy and follow the energy efficiency and conservation guidelines was developed.

1.4 Scope of Project

The list of the project scope will be discussed in the next subtopic.

1.4.1 Hardware

1.4.1.1 Main Components

a) Solar energy - studied on solar energy are needed to gain more knowledge about this renewable source of energy and the advantage of using it.

b) Super bright LED – to be used as street lighting for changed the mercury and sodium lamp in order to save the consumption of electrical energy.

c) Sensor [ photo resister (LDR)] – studies on LDR condition detect when night and day time.

d) Rechargeable Battery – studies on operation rechargeable battery when charging and discharging. Solar panels will charge the battery as a source for this at the daytime.

1.4.1.2 Three Main Circuit

a) PWM Circuit

b) Boost Converter Circuit

c) Sensor LDR Circuit

1.4.2 Software

a) PSpice - for simulation

b) Advanced Circuits PCB Artist Layout Software – for design PCB layout

1.5 Project Overview

Figure 1.1 shows the project overview to achieve the objective of this project. This solar street light only works at night. When the LDR sensor is detected, super LED light will be turned ON. Solar panels used to charge the battery during the day time. The “rechargeable battery” is used as a main supply to the three circuit which are PWM circuit, Boost converter and LDR sensor circuit. When the LDR sensor is detected at night, LED will turned ON by using the sources of 24V output boost converter.

The brightness of LEDs is same as the common used of street lighting such as mercury or sodium lamp. Solar panel is not use because it is very expensive and Voltage value for the solar panels must be greater than rechargeable battery, such as 24V or 18V rechargeable battery that can be charged quickly. Super bright LED can to save the consumption of electrical energy because this LED used very low energy.

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