ABSTRACT
Solar energy is a
renewable energy resource. The energy resource which directly produced by the
sun can be converted to electricity by using solar cell. One of the application
that using photovoltaic technology is street lighting. Solar panel and super
bright LED can save energy compared to conventional street light beside not
contributing to environmental pollution. Efficiency
and power loss of solar street lighting system has been studied in this project
and a prototype of solar street light using LED lighting which the brightness of super bright LED as same as
using mercury or sodium lamp. The focus of this project is to minimize
electricity energy usage based on energy efficiency and conservation guidelines
established by Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM). The energy saving for solar street
light system is important in order to make sure that energy resource can be
used for a long term. At the end of this thesis, some recommendations have been
proposed for improving the weakness of current project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
PROJECT
BACKGROUND 1
1.1
General Introduction 1
1.2
Problem Statement 2
1.3
Objective 3
1.4
Scope of Project 3
1.4.1
Hardware 4
1.4.1.1
Main Components 4
1.4.1.2
Three Main Circuit 4
1.4.2
Software 5
1.5
Project Overview 5
LITERATURE
REVIEW 7
2.1
Solar Energy 7
2.2
Rechargeable Battery 8
2.3
Photoresistor (LDR) 10
2.4
Super Light LED 11
2.4.1
The Advantages of LEDs 13
2.4.2
Energy Analysis 14
2.5
PWM circuit 16
2.6
Boost Converter Circuit 17
2.6.1
Introduction Boost Converter Circuit 17
2.6.2
Inductor Current with Positive Signal
19
2.6.3
Inductor Current with Negative Signal 20
2.6.4
Output Voltage Ripple with Positive 23
Signal
2.7
LDR Sensor Circuit 25
3 METHODOLOGY
27
3.1
Introduction 27
3.1.1
Hardware 27
3.1.2
Software 28
3.2
Overall Hardware 29
3.3
PWM Circuit 30
3.3.1
PWM Waveform Generation 30
3.4
Boost Converter Circuit 31
3.5
LDR Sensor Circuit 32
4 RESULT
AND DISCUSSION 34
4.1
Process 34
4.2
Calculation Result 35
4.2.1
Specifications of Boost Converter 35
4.3
Pspice Simulation Result 36
4.4
Hardware Result 37
4.4.1
Using Multimeter 37
4.4.2
Using Oscilloscope 40
4.5
Discussion 42
5
CONCLUSIONS
AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Conclusions 44
5.2
Future Recommendations 45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDICES 47
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Energy
Saving, LED vs. Sodium and Mercury Lamp 15
Table 4.1 Specifications
of Boost Converter 35
Table 4.2 Input
Power 42
Table 4.3 Output
Power 42
Table 4.4 Efficiency
and Power Loss 42
LIST OF FIGURES
|
FIGURE NO.
|
TITLE
|
PAGE
|
|
Figure 1.1
|
Project Overview
|
6
|
|
Figure 2.1
|
Solar Panel
|
8
|
|
Figure 2.2
|
Rechargeable Battery
|
9
|
|
Figure 2.3
|
Photo Resistor(LDR)
|
10
|
|
Figure 2.4
|
Part of a LED
|
11
|
|
Figure 2.5
|
The Inner Working of a
LED
|
12
|
|
Figure 2.6
|
PWM output
|
17
|
|
Figure 2.7
|
Basic Circuit Boost
Converter
|
18
|
|
Figure 2.8
|
Positive Signal at Gate
MOSFET
|
19
|
|
Figure 2.9
|
Negative Signal at Gate
MOSFET
|
19
|
|
Figure 2.10
|
Inductor Voltage and
Inductor Current
|
22
|
|
Figure 2.11
|
Capacitor Current and
Output Voltage
|
24
|
|
Figure 2.12
|
Photo Resistor Circuit
Connection
|
25
|
|
Figure 2.13
|
Photo Resistor Circuit
Connection with Transistor
|
25
|
|
Figure 3.1
|
Overall Hardware
|
30
|
|
Figure 3.2
|
PWM Circuit
|
31
|
|
Figure 3.3
|
Boost Converter Circuit
|
32
|
|
Figure 3.4
|
LDR Sensor Circuit
|
33
|
|
Figure 4.1
|
Pspice Simulation
|
36
|
|
Figure 4.2
|
Result Simulation
|
37
|
|
Figure 4.3
|
Input Voltage is 11.2V
|
38
|
|
Figure 4.4
|
Input Current is 0.42A
|
38
|
|
|
Figure 4.5
|
Output Voltage is 23.4V
|
39
|
|
|
Figure 4.6
|
Output Current is 0.18A
|
39
|
|
|
Figure 4.7
|
Output of PWM with Duty Cycle is 0.4016, Input
Voltage is 12.2V and the
Output Voltage is 20.2V
|
40
|
|
|
Figure 4.8
|
Output of PWM with Duty
Cycle is 0.5085
|
41
|
|
|
Figure 4.9
|
Output of PWM with Duty Cycle is 0.5091 and the
Output Voltage is 24.4V
|
41
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIST OF SYMBOLS
V
- Voltage
I
- Ampere
Ω - Ohm
R
- Resistor (Load)
L
- Inductor
C
- Capacitor
PWM - Pulse Width Modulator
f
- Frequency
LED
- Light Emitting Diode
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
D
- Duty Cycle
-
Input Voltage
-
Output Voltage
-
Input Power
-
Output Power
%
- Percentage Efficiency
PCB
- Printed Circuit Board
PV - Photovoltaic
LIST OF APPENDICES
|
APPENDIX TITLE
|
PAGE
|
|
A
SG3525
Datasheet
|
47
|
|
B
IRL520N
Datasheet
|
58
|
|
C
TC4427
Datasheet
|
66
|
|
D
MBR1060
Datasheet
|
72
|
|
E
2N4401
Datasheet
|
74
|
CHAPTER 1
PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1 General Introduction
Street lights are used for lighting streets at
night. So that, the pedestrians, motorcyclist and motorist can see more clearly
the path on the road. It can prevent the accidents from occurs. Nowadays,
street lights are depend on the transmission lines which is produced electricity
by Tenaga National Berhad. At this moment, many people are not satisfied with
street lights. This is because if the fault occurred on transmission lines,
street lights will not work properly. Streets will be dark and dangerous to the
public. Normally, street light is designed from mercury or sodium lamp are very
wasteful because it used a lot of electricity.
Therefore, this project
has been developed to overcome this problem. Using the solar panel at day time,
battery will be charging to store energy. When night appears, rechargeable
battery is used as a supply for turn on super light LED. It is save more
electricity due to less consumes of energy. Solar energy is a renewable energy
resource. The energy resource which is directly produced by the sun can be
converted to electricity by using solar cell. One of the applications that
using photovoltaic technology is street lighting. Solar street light can save
energy compared to conventional street light beside not contributing to
environmental pollution. In addition, by using super bright LED with brightness
similar to street lights that use mercury or sodium lamp.
1.2 Problem
Statement
The street lighting is
very important and necessary to use for protecting street accidents and people
life safety. The common street lighting system is connected to the power
transmission line and operates at night only. Solar Street light is installed in
rural area only which have no electricity supply and it rarely used.
Based on the observation,
the operation of the common street lighting system is limited on certain period
only. Normally, it uses timer which allows to the lamp operate from dawn until
dusk. The energy wasting also occurs when the brightness of the lamp is the
same even when the surrounding need low brightness. To produce high brightness,
it consumes high power. So the street light system should be operating under
variable brightness in order to save the energy.
Besides, the current
lighting system which is normally use sodium and mercury lamp contribute to the
environmental pollution. This is because
these lamps consist of mercury that contributes to the pollution. By using the
photovoltaic (PV) system, the system depends on sun energy as power supply
which is only available in limited period. It causes the limited energy supply.
In addition, super light LED used energy very minimum compared the lamp. So,
the system must use the energy as minimum as possible but still can operate
efficiently. This project attempted to find a solution to these problems.
1.3 Objective
There are two main objectives of this project. The first
objective is to understand the operation of stand alone solar street light
using LED lighting. Stand alone solar street light is a lighting system which
is completely isolated from power transmission line. The purpose to understand
this operation is to provide the improvement.
Second objective are to
investigate and design the prototype a smart solar street light using LED
lighting and boost converter. After studying the whole system of solar street
light, a prototype of the intelligent solar street light which can save energy
and follow the energy efficiency and conservation guidelines was developed.
1.4 Scope of Project
The list of the project scope will be discussed in the next
subtopic.
1.4.1 Hardware
1.4.1.1 Main Components
a) Solar
energy - studied on solar energy are needed to gain more knowledge about this
renewable source of energy and the advantage of using it.
b) Super
bright LED – to be used as street lighting for changed the mercury and sodium
lamp in order to save the consumption of electrical energy.
c) Sensor
[ photo resister (LDR)] – studies on LDR condition detect when night and day
time.
d) Rechargeable
Battery – studies on operation rechargeable battery when charging and
discharging. Solar panels will charge the battery as a source for this at the
daytime.
1.4.1.2 Three Main Circuit
a) PWM
Circuit
b) Boost
Converter Circuit
c) Sensor
LDR Circuit
1.4.2 Software
a) PSpice
- for simulation
b) Advanced
Circuits PCB Artist Layout Software – for
design PCB layout
1.5 Project Overview
Figure 1.1 shows the
project overview to achieve the objective of this project. This solar street
light only works at night. When the LDR sensor is detected, super LED light
will be turned ON. Solar panels used to charge the battery during the day time.
The “rechargeable battery” is used as a main supply to the three circuit which
are PWM circuit, Boost converter and LDR sensor circuit. When the LDR sensor is
detected at night, LED will turned ON by using the sources of 24V output boost
converter.
The brightness of LEDs is
same as the common used of street lighting such as mercury or sodium lamp.
Solar panel is not use because it is very expensive and Voltage value for the solar panels must be
greater than rechargeable battery, such as 24V or 18V rechargeable battery that
can be charged quickly. Super bright LED can to save the consumption of
electrical energy because this LED used very low energy.
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