ABSTRACT
The prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) was assessed among pupils of Compassion Home Nursery/Primary School AhiaekeNdume, Umuahia. Nasal swabs were collected from 35 males and 15 females. The swabs were cultured on Manitol Salt Agar (MSA). After isolation, 45 samples yielded bacteria growth and 39 of the isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic sensitivity of the isolate was done using Kirby bauer disc of diffusion with Abek multi disc antibiotic susceptibility containing 8 antibiotic disc. 32 (82.06%) of the isolates were resistant to Cloxacillin which is a methicillin antibiotics. The isolates were mostly sensitive to Gentamycin and Streptomycin with 35 (87.74%) and 39 (94.87%) sensitive to Gentamycin and Streptomycin respectively. The prevalence of Methicillin resistance among the isolates was 32 (82.06%) this is very high level of Methicillin resistance to Staphylococcus aureusin the environment and suggests the need for constant monitoring to avoid possible future epidemic of MRSA.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page
i
Certification ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table
of contents
v
List
of tables
vi
Abstract
vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2
Aim of study
3
1.3
Objectives of study
3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1
General concept 4
2.2
Methicilin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus 5
2.3
Antimicrobial chemotherapy 6
2.3.1
Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity
8
2.4
Causes of antimicrobial resistance 9
2.4.1
Treatment
11
2.4.2Mechanism
of action of methicillin 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 12
3.1
Ethical consideration 12
3.2
Sample collection 12
3.3
Media preparation
12
3.4Isolation
of Staphylococcus aureus 12
3.5Confirmation
test for Staphlococcusaureus 13
3.6
Standardization of test isolates
14
3.7
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
14
3.7.1
Examination and measurement of zone of inhibition 14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT 15
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 DISCUSSION 19
5.2 Conclusion 19
5.3
Recommendation
20
References
21
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Title page
1 Occurance of Staphylococcus aureus in nasal carriage 16
2Antimicrobial
susceptibility profile of is olatedStaphylococcus
aureus 17
3Percentage
of isolates resistant to Methicillin (Cloxacillin). 18
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Staphylococcus aureus
is one of the most successful adaptable pathogen. It is also common colonizer
of the skin and nose carried by 10% - 30% of the total population of the
bacterium can be carried asymptomatically for weeks or months on mucus membrane
but only transiently on tact skin (Archer 1998; Rosina and Estipanos 2007).
Staphylococcus aureusis
the most common bacteria cause for adverse range of infections including
sepsis, pneumonia etc. (Lowy, 1998) it colonizes the skin and mucosa of human
being and several animals’ species (Sapna, 2000). Although multiple body sites
can colonizes in human being, the anterior names of the nose is most frequent
carriage site for Staphylococcus aureusYare
strongly correlated (Sheretz and Bassetti, 2001). Suggesting that contaminated
hand most commonly cause the colonization of nasal nares. Nasal carriers can
act as “cloud” individual during rhinitis dispersing Staphylococcus aureus in to the environment. Also causal association
between Staphylococcus aureus nasal
carriage and Staphylococcus aureus
disease has been confirmed by many studies (Sapna, 2000). Therefore, it is
important to study the prevalence of nasal carriage to prevent the spread of Staphylococcus is a gram positive, catalase
positive, coagulase positive cocci bacterium that occurs in grape like clusters
when viewed under the microscope. The bacteria are found to colonize the armpit,throat,nose(most
frequently)and skin causing no harm unless it gets the bacteria into the body
through damaged skin or injury this allows the bacteria to overcome the natural
protective mechanism of the body leading to infection (Barnett, 1998)
Staphylococcus aureus
reproduce asexually. The reproduction process starts by the organism
reproducing its DNA. The membrane stretches out andseparates the DNA molecules
the cells forms a hallow spaces that eventually divides into new cells wall
does not fully separates from existing cell wall, which is why the cell are
observed in clusters. This cell wall eventually reproduce and cell wall attach
to it (Mansuri and khaleghi, 1997).
Staphylococcus aureus
are responsible for food poisoning through the production of enterotoxin and
pathogenecity.it is also associated with coagulase positive.it may also occur
as a commensal on skin,nose(most frequently)and less frequent in throat,the
occurrence of Staphylococcus aureusdoes
not always indicate infection and therefore does not require treatment always
.it can host phages. Staphylococcus
aureus is extremely prevalent in atopic dermatitis patient who are less
resistant to it than other people, it often causes complication and this
disease is mostly found in fertile, active places including armpit,hair and
scalp. The large pimple that appears in these areas may cause worse infection
if popped. This can lead to staphylococcus scalded syndrome(sss), (Curran and
Al-salhi, 2002).
Methicillin
resistance Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that
has developed through horizontal
gene transfer and natural
selection multi resistance to beta lactam antibiotic which include., penicillin, methicillin, nafcillin,
oxacillin, ampicillin, and cephalosporine such as CAZ – ceftazidime, CTR –
ceftriaxone and CEF – cefhalexin. Strains unable to resist
these antibiotics are classified as methicillin susceptible. Staphylococcus
aureus or MRSA. The evolution of such resistance doesnot cause the organism to
be more intrinsically virulent than
strain of Staphylococcus aurous that have no antibiotic resistance but resistance does not make
MRSA infection more difficult to treat
with standard types of antibiotic and thus more dangerous.
MRSA
is transmitted primarily by direct person to person contact(ie from one hand of
an individual to another susceptible individual), also skin to surface contact.
It is possible for a colonized person to pass the bacteria to others through
casual contact.MRSA can also be spread by contact with the following surfaces e.g.
bar-soap, door knobs, handset (Fogg,2002).
1.2 Aim of Study
This
work is aimed as ascertaining the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among primary
school pupils and their susceptibility pattern to methicillin group of
antibiotics.
1.3 Objective of Study
To
determine thenasal carriage of Staphylococcus
aureus amongst pupils.
To
isolate the methicillin resistant strain of Staphylococcus
aureus amongst the isolates.
To
determine the susceptibility pattern of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment