ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and the antibiotics resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from farm animals in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. A total of 40 samples were collected from the skin, nose and ear of farm animals in Mouau with the aid of a swab stick and was transported to the laboratory to test for further analysis. The swabs were streaked directly on plates of Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and blood agar, the plates were duplicated and then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. A total of 16 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from nasal mucosa (Nose) of Pigs and goat in livestock farm animals in M.O.U.A.U which comprises of (9) positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig nose and (7) positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Goat nose swab respectively. Pig nasal mucosa (Nose) had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (56%) while the lowest strains were recorded from Goat nasal mucosa Nose (44%) respectively. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pigs has high proportion resistance compared with goat Staphylococcus isolates. Resistance to antibiotics comprised of Amoxill (66.7%), Chloramphenicol (55.6%). Pigs nose swab samples has highest prevalence of the isolate that were resistant to Gentamycin, Rifampicin and Ciprofloxacin respectively. The resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics in the present study might help to understand the distribution of among human, pig and goat isolates and might help to control S. aureus infections thus recommend that there is need for the development of antimicrobial policy that will guide the prescription, sale, and use of antibiotics through regular surveillance of resistant organisms in our environments.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Lists of Tables vii
Abstract
viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Aim
and Objectives 4
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1
Staphylococcus aureus 5
2.2
Prevalence of Staphyloccus aureus 10
2.3 Staphylococcus
aureus in Farm
Animals 15
2.4 Emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus.
aureus (MRSA) 15
2.5 Prevalence of MRSA in Cattle 16
2.6 Zoonotic Implications of Bovine MRSA 17
2.7 Prevention and Control of MRSA 18
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 20
3.1 Sample Collection 20
3.2 Media Used 20
3.3 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria 20
3.3.1
Gram Staining 21
3.4
Biochemical Tests 21
3.4.1
Catalase Test 21
3.4.2
Coagulase Test 21
3.5 Determination
of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 23
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 29
5.1 Discussion
29
5.2 Conclusion
31
5.3 Recommendation 32
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Page
1
Biochemical
Characteristics of Isolates 24
2
Prevalence of Staphylococcus
aureus
isolates from Pig’s 25
and Goat’s farm animal in M.O.U.A.U.
3
Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus
bacterial 26
isolates from
Pig’s and Goat’s in farm animal.
4
Resistance patterns of the Staphylococcus aureus 27
isolates from Mouau Livestock.
5
Sensitivity patterns of the Staphylococcus aureus
28
6
bacteria isolates from M.o.u.a.u Livestock.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Staphylococci
are Gram positive bacteria that range from
0.5-1.5 μm in diameter and exist as irregular grape like clusters (Harris et al., 2002). These are one of the most
prevalent bacteria in both human and animals (Persoons et al., 2009; Suleiman et al.,
2013). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens
colonizing the skin and mucus membranes of the nares in human and animals
incriminated in different disease conditions ranging from minor skin
infections, such as furunclosis and carbunclosis to severe and highly
debilitating conditions such as pneumonia and endocarditis (Jensen and Lyon,
2009). The pathogen is endowed with a great variety of virulence markers, which
include both structural and secreted products participating in pathogenesis of
infection (Plata et al., 2009).
Staphylococcus
aureus are part of human flora, and are primarily
found in the nose and skin. Many strains of Staphylococcus
aureus cause disease through the production of enterotoxins or through
direct invasion and destruction of tissue. Infections caused by S. aureus remain a significant cause of
mortality and morbidity in tropical countries (Parsek and Sigh 2003). The principal site of staphylococcal
colonization is the anterior nares. It has been observed that if repeated
cultures are performed, up to 80% of adults are found to harbor S. aureus in the nose at one time or
the other. However, in most persons, the carrier state is transient, but 20 to
40% of adults remain colonized for months or even years (Pantosti et al.,2007).
Increased nasal colonization rates have been
noted in insulin dependent diabetes ,individuals on haemodialysis, those on
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, intravenous drug usersand patients receiving
routine allergy injections (Jensen and Lyon, 2009).
It
has also been suggested that patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency
virus infection have an increased colonization risks (Espedido and
Gosbell,2012).
Staphylococci
have a record of developing resistance quickly and successfully to antibiotics.
This defensive response is a consequence of the acquisition and transfer of
antibiotic resistance plasmids and the possession of intrinsic resistance
mechanisms (Esan et al., 2009). Three
species of clinical importance are Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus
saprophyticus. Of all these, Staphylococcus
aureus is the major pathogen for humans. It’s pathogenic effect is
characterized by it’s ability to homolyze blood, coagulate plasma(a biochemical
test that differentiates it from other non-pathogenic Staphylococcus, and produces a variety of extra cellular enzymes
and toxins. Staphylococcus aureusi s
present in the nasal passages and throat, on the hair and skin of healthy
individuals. Almost every person will have some type of Staphylococcus infection during a life time, ranging from severity
of food poisoning or minor skin infections to severe life threatening
infections.
The
importance of Staphylococcus aureus as
a persistent nosocomial and community acquired pathogen has become a global
health concern. It has a remarkable capability of evolving different mechanisms
of resistance to most antimicrobial agents (Shittu et al.,2009).
Staphylococcus
aureus has been recognized as a very important
virulent and frequently encountered pathogen in clinical practice. It is an
endogenous microorganism colonizing the nasal cavity, skin, gastrointestinal,
anus and vaginal vulvae of healthy women (Onanuga et al.,2005). The
capacity to produce human diseases had not diminished even with the introduction
of antibiotics (Waldvogel, 1990).
S.
aureus has been associated with different
clinical conditions. For instance, it is still one of the most frequently
encountered single bacterial species in hospitals and continues to be frequent
cause of burns and wounds sepsis. It produces pustules, carbuncles, boils and
impetigo. It frequently causes septicaemia, osteomyelitis, bacteraemia and
otitis (Emmerson, 1994; Shaposhnikbova et
al., 1995). S. aureus exhibits remarkable versatility in their
behavior towards antibiotics (Grassi,2007).
Therefore,
the insight into the antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates profile in
any community is very imperative and desirable for effective management of the
clinical conditions considering the relative differences in the pattern of
susceptibility and resistance of S aureus to antibiotics from one
locality to another. Also the susceptibility and resistance of S.aureus to
antibiotics is known to be altered at relatively higher temperatures. For
instance, May et al. (2007) observed that clinical
isolates of S. aureus which was resistant to streptomycin at 37oC
became sensitive when cultured at 44oC.
Reports of high level of antimicrobial drug
resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in different parts of the world are
generating serious public health concerns (Zetola et al.,2005; Wang et al., 2012; Caraciolo et al.,2012).
Antimicrobial agents have been used
extensively to combat S. aureus infections but the increasing level of
resistance of S. aureus to many antibiotics is complicating the treatment of serious
infections caused by this pathogen (Wang et al., 2012).
The knowledge of the antimicrobial
susceptibility profile of this versatile pathogen in a particular area is
important as this can contribute to rational choice and use of antimicrobial
agents.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this study is to determine prevalence and the antibiotics resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from farm
animals in Mouau.
The
objectives are:
1. To
isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from farm animals in Mouau.
2. Determine
the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus from farm animals in Mouau.
3. To
determine the antibiogram of
Staphylococcus aureus isolated from farm animals in Mouau.
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