PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AMONG FARM ANIMAL IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and the  antibiotics resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from farm animals in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. A total of 40 samples  were  collected from  the  skin, nose and ear of farm animals in Mouau with the aid of a swab stick and was transported to the laboratory to test for further analysis. The swabs were streaked directly on plates of Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and blood agar, the plates were duplicated and then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. A total of 16 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from nasal mucosa (Nose) of Pigs and goat in livestock farm animals in M.O.U.A.U which comprises of  (9) positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates  from pig nose and (7) positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Goat nose swab respectively. Pig nasal mucosa (Nose) had the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (56%) while the lowest strains were recorded from Goat nasal mucosa Nose (44%) respectively. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pigs has high proportion resistance compared with goat Staphylococcus isolates. Resistance to antibiotics comprised of Amoxill (66.7%), Chloramphenicol (55.6%). Pigs nose swab samples has highest prevalence of the isolate that were resistant to Gentamycin, Rifampicin and Ciprofloxacin respectively. The resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics in the present study might help to understand the distribution of  among human, pig and goat isolates and might help to control S. aureus infections thus recommend that there is need for the development of antimicrobial policy that will guide the prescription, sale, and use of antibiotics through regular surveillance of resistant organisms in our environments.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                                        vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   Introduction                                                                                                                    1

1.1 Aim and Objectives                                                                                                          4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Literature Review                                                                                                            5

2.1 Staphylococcus aureus                                                                                                     5

2.2 Prevalence of Staphyloccus aureus                                                                                  10

2.3 Staphylococcus aureus in Farm Animals                                                                         15

2.4 Emergence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus. aureus (MRSA)                                     15

2.5 Prevalence of MRSA in Cattle                                                                                         16

2.6 Zoonotic Implications of Bovine MRSA                                                                         17

2.7 Prevention and Control of MRSA                                                                                    18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  Materials and Methods                                                                                                    20

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                            20

3.2 Media Used                                                                                                                       20

 3.3 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria                                                                           20

3.3.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                                21

3.4 Biochemical Tests                                                                                                            21

3.4.1 Catalase Test                                                                                                                  21

3.4.2 Coagulase Test                                                                                                               21

3.5  Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern                                                   22

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  Results                                                                                                                             23                                                                                                                   

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                                               29       

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   29

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  31

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        32

References                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

LIST OF TABLES

Table                 Title                                                                Page

1                              Biochemical Characteristics of Isolates                                                 24

2                              Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus  isolates from Pig’s                        25

and Goat’s farm animal in M.O.U.A.U.

3                              Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial                  26

 isolates from Pig’s and Goat’s in farm animal.

4                              Resistance patterns of the Staphylococcus aureus                               27

isolates from Mouau Livestock.

5                              Sensitivity patterns of the Staphylococcus aureus                                  28

6                              bacteria isolates from M.o.u.a.u Livestock.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

Staphylococci are Gram positive bacteria that range from 0.5-1.5 μm in diameter and exist as irregular grape like clusters (Harris et al., 2002). These are one of the most prevalent bacteria in both human and animals (Persoons et al., 2009; Suleiman et al., 2013). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens colonizing the skin and mucus membranes of the nares in human and animals incriminated in different disease conditions ranging from minor skin infections, such as furunclosis and carbunclosis to severe and highly debilitating conditions such as pneumonia and endocarditis (Jensen and Lyon, 2009). The pathogen is endowed with a great variety of virulence markers, which include both structural and secreted products participating in pathogenesis of infection (Plata et al., 2009).

Staphylococcus aureus are part of human flora, and are primarily found in the nose and skin. Many strains of Staphylococcus aureus cause disease through the production of enterotoxins or through direct invasion and destruction of tissue. Infections caused by S. aureus remain a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in tropical countries (Parsek and Sigh 2003).  The principal site of staphylococcal colonization is the anterior nares. It has been observed that if repeated cultures are performed, up to 80% of adults are found to harbor S. aureus in the nose at one time or the other. However, in most persons, the carrier state is transient, but 20 to 40% of adults remain colonized for months or even years (Pantosti et al.,2007).

 Increased nasal colonization rates have been noted in insulin dependent diabetes ,individuals on haemodialysis, those on ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, intravenous drug usersand patients receiving routine allergy injections (Jensen and Lyon, 2009).

It has also been suggested that patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection have an increased colonization risks (Espedido and Gosbell,2012).

Staphylococci have a record of developing resistance quickly and successfully to antibiotics. This defensive response is a consequence of the acquisition and transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmids and the possession of intrinsic resistance mechanisms (Esan et al., 2009). Three species of clinical importance are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Of all these, Staphylococcus aureus is the major pathogen for humans. It’s pathogenic effect is characterized by it’s ability to homolyze blood, coagulate plasma(a biochemical test that differentiates it from other non-pathogenic Staphylococcus, and produces a variety of extra cellular enzymes and toxins. Staphylococcus aureusi s present in the nasal passages and throat, on the hair and skin of healthy individuals. Almost every person will have some type of Staphylococcus infection during a life time, ranging from severity of food poisoning or minor skin infections to severe life threatening infections.

The importance of Staphylococcus aureus as a persistent nosocomial and community acquired pathogen has become a global health concern. It has a remarkable capability of evolving different mechanisms of resistance to most antimicrobial agents (Shittu et al.,2009).

Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as a very important virulent and frequently encountered pathogen in clinical practice. It is an endogenous microorganism colonizing the nasal cavity, skin, gastrointestinal, anus and vaginal vulvae of healthy women (Onanuga et al.,2005). The capacity to produce human diseases had not diminished even with the introduction of antibiotics (Waldvogel, 1990).

S. aureus has been associated with different clinical conditions. For instance, it is still one of the most frequently encountered single bacterial species in hospitals and continues to be frequent cause of burns and wounds sepsis. It produces pustules, carbuncles, boils and impetigo. It frequently causes septicaemia, osteomyelitis, bacteraemia and otitis (Emmerson, 1994; Shaposhnikbova et al., 1995). S. aureus exhibits remarkable versatility in their behavior towards antibiotics (Grassi,2007).

Therefore, the insight into the antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates profile in any community is very imperative and desirable for effective management of the clinical conditions considering the relative differences in the pattern of susceptibility and resistance of S aureus to antibiotics from one locality to another. Also the susceptibility and resistance of S.aureus to antibiotics is known to be altered at relatively higher temperatures. For instance, May et al. (2007) observed that clinical isolates of S. aureus which was resistant to streptomycin at 37^oC became sensitive when cultured at 44^oC.

Reports of high level of antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in different parts of the world are generating serious public health concerns (Zetola et al.,2005; Wang  et al., 2012; Caraciolo et al.,2012).

Antimicrobial agents have been used extensively to combat S. aureus infections but the increasing level of resistance of S. aureus to many antibiotics  is complicating the treatment of serious infections caused by this pathogen (Wang  et al., 2012).

The knowledge of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of this versatile pathogen in a particular area is important as this can contribute to rational choice and use of antimicrobial agents.

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to determine prevalence and the  antibiotics resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from farm animals in Mouau.

The objectives are:

     1.     To isolate and identify  Staphylococcus aureus  from farm animals in Mouau.

      2.     Determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus  from farm animals in Mouau.

     3.     To determine the antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from farm animals in Mouau.

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