ABSTRACT
The detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in poultry, fish and pig farm droppings were studied. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 3 sources including; fish pond, poultry droppings and pig dropping in 3 weekly tranches which made a total of 15 samples. 3 Staphylococcus species were identified by biochemical methods; which include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus with gross occurrence of 96.3%, 66.7% and 40.7% respectively. Test for the isolates resistant to methicillin shows that Staphylococcus aureus proved the highest number of resistant strains and had the highest percentage of 42.31%, Staphylococcus epidermidis had 22.22% while Staphylococcus epidermidis had 22.22% while Staphylococcus saprophyticus had 27.27%. It was observed that the incidence of MRSA was high on the whole and thus has potentials of health risks. The need for improvement of personal and environmental hygiene in the poultry, piggery and fish farms is recommended.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of Contents v
List of tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.2 Background
of the Study 3
1.2
Aim of the study 3
1.3
Objectives of the Study 3
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Historical
Background of Methicilin Resistance Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) 4
2.2 Epidemiology
of MRSA 5
2.3 Livestock
Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) 6
2.4 History of MRSA infection in animals 7
2.5 Prevalence
of MRSA in the animal kingdom 8
2.6 MRSA infection in companion animals 10
2.6.1 MRSA infection in horses 11
2.6.2 MRSA infection in cattle 12
2.6.3 MRSA infection in pigs 12
2.6.4 MRSA contamination of meat products 12
2.7 PVL-producing MRSA strains in animals 13
2.8 Transmission of MRSA between livestock and owners/attendants 14
2.9
MRSA carriage
by veterinary and medical personnel 15
2.10
MRSA carriage
among agricultural personnel 16
2.11 Pitfalls in detection of MRSA in
animals 16
2.12 Management of MRSA in animals 18
2.13Treatment of
MRSA infection in animals 19
2.14 MRSA
decolonization of animals and owners 19
2.15 Decolonization of companion animals 21
2.16 Decolonization of large animals 22
2.7 Biology and pathogenecity of S.aureus 23
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 24
3.1 Collection of samples 24
3.2 Preparation
of samples 24
3.3 Media
preparation 24
3.4 Isolation
of Staphylococcus aureus 24
3.5 Subcuturing
of the isolates 25
3.6 Identification
of S.aureus 25
3.7 Gram
staining 25
3.8
Biochemical test 26
3.9 Catalase
test 26
3.10 Coagulase
test 26
3.11 Antibiotic
susceptibility testing 27
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULTS 28
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Discussion 32
5.2 Conclusion,
33
5.3 Recommendation 33
References 35
Appendices 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Page
a: Prevalence
of MRSA infection and carriage in different animals 22
1: Characteristics
of staphylococcus isolate from different sources for methicilin
resistance test (MRT). 29
2: Occurence
of staphylococcus isolate from source 30
3: Performance
of Staphylococcus isolates to methicilin 31
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
Antibiotic resistance is the ability
of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. Antibiotic
resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation but
it could also be engineered by applying
an evolutionary stress on a population, (Johnson, 2002).
Antibiotic resistance is the product
of evolution. Every time a person or animal takes an antibiotic, it kills off
only susceptible bacteria while a bacterium with a feature that enables it to
resist the drug will survive. Since such a feature is genetically determined,
the bacteria’s offspring will inherit it, and will prosper and multiply at the
“expense of their unresting cousins and resistant bacteria can transfer their
good fortune to others, even others of different species by passing on the
“relevant bits” of their DNA. The resistance to antibiotics has been observed
since the 1950s (shortly after Flemings discovery of penicillin), but it was
ignored as the phenomenon was not widely prevalent. During the 1980s several
bacteria have become resistant to the antibiotics which include chloromphenical,
tetracycline and streptomycin (Johnson, 2002).
A gene known as MecA is responsible
for the protein resistance to methicilin which codes for penicillin-bind
protein PBP 2A (Wielder et al.,
2002). Lately, a new methicillin resistance mechanism gene, MecC was described
in S.aureus (Porrero et
al., 2014). Garcia-Alvare2 et al
(2011), Paterson et al., (2012),
Wather et al; (2012) and Paterson et
al., (2014) reported MRSA isolates carrying MecC gene from humans and
animals. Harrison et al., (2013)
suggested the public health hazard of MecC-positive MRSA isolates as it has
been isolated in human case and their
livestock.
Reports of MRSA isolates in domestic
animals seems to be rising in number (Devriese and Hommz, 1975; Hartmana et al.,
1997; Tomlin et al., 1999; Rich and Roberts, 2004). The
epidemiology of MRSA isolates from human and animals sources showed that for
certain strains, a cross-infection might have happened (Sqlim et al.,
1999; Stormmenger et al., 2000; Weese et al., 2006). Studies conducted by Feirrara et
a., (2011) and Verkade and Wuytman (2014) suggested that animals can be
potential source of MRSA infection to humans. Therefore, knowledge on the
epidemiology of MRSA will underpin effective and control strategies including
the rational use of antibiotics. Staphylococcus
aureus is a Gram-positive cocci bacterium that is a member of firmicues,
and is frequently found in the nose,
respiratory tract and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and
nitrate reduction.
S.
aureus is a well known food borne pathogen that produces heat-stable
enterotoxins during growth on variety of foods, including meat and poultry
product, eggs, cream-filled pasteries, potatoes and some salads (Seo et al.,
2010). Although S. aureus is not
always pathogenic. Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it
is a common cause of skin infection such
as abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis and food poisoning. It
is a bacterium of significant important because of its ability to cause a wide
range of disease and capacity to adapt to diverse environmental forms (Lowey,
1998; Waldvogel, 2000). The organism colonies
skin, skin glands and mucous membrane, causing infections both in human
and animals such as rashes, inflammations
of bones and the meninges as well as
septicaemia (Aklili et al., 2010). In addition, S.
aureus causes inflammation of the mammary gland in bovine and the lower
part of the foot in poultry (Quinn et al
2000).
Pathogenic strain also promote
infections by producing potent protein toxins and expressing cell-surface
protein that bind and inactive antibodies. The emergence of antibiotics
resistant strain of S.aureus such as MRSA is a worldwide problem in
chemical medicine. Penicillin and its derivates, including methicillin have been
used for the treatment of infections cause by S. aurues (Rayner and
Munckhof, 2005). However, certain strains
of S. aureus developed resistance known as methicilin
resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). At present, less than 90% of S. aureus strains are resistant to most penicillin derivatives
(Freeman-Cook, 2006) and Ordinary antimicrobial agents like drugs from the
family of aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicols, tetracycline and
fluoroquinolones (Lee, 2003).
1.1 Aim of the study
The aim of this work is to identify the isolation of methicilin resistance
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from poultry, pig and fish farms in MOUAU.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this work is
to:
- To
determine the prevalence of methicilin resistance S .aureus (MRSA) in poultry, pig and fish farm in MOUAU.
- To
detect the presence of methicilin
resistance S .aureus (MRSA) in
poultry, pig and fish farms in MOUAU.
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