ABSTRACT
Phytochemical analysis was carried out on Palm kernel oil, for the determination of saponin, phenol, tannin, alkaloids and crude protein. The result obtained showed that there was presence of phenol (0.85 ± 0.01), Saponin (1.26 ± 0.01), Tannin (1.60±0.01), Alkaloid ( 2.92±0.01), and Crude protein (6.81±0.01). The Ether extract was analyzed to be (39.39±0.01). It has been considered that petrochemicals have crucial nutritional components with the ability to prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and aging. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on the palm kernel oil sample against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The result obtained after the test showed the inability of palm kernel oil to inhibit these organisms, as there was no zone of inhibition. The valuable properties of Oil Palm, particularly palm kernel oil may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids. The presence of Tannin in ‘Elu aki' could be partly responsible for the taste of the oil. Alkaloids are used as CNS stimulants, topical anesthetics, in opthamology. There was no need for further MIC and MBC since there was no visible antimicrobial activity. The high variety of activities displayed by the sample in this study (especially phytochemistry) appears to justify and explain the scientific bases for their uses in traditional medicine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table
of Contents
v
List
of Tables
vii
Abstract
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Aim
3
1.2
Objectives
3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
4
2.1
Brief history of palm
kernel oil 4
2.2
Chemical composition of
palm kernel oil.
5
2.3
Classification of palm
kernel oil
6
2.4
General uses of palm
kernel oil.
7
2.5
Dangers of palm kernel
oil. 9
2.6
Phytochemical
occurrence
10
2.7
Classes of
phytochemicals
11
2.8
How do phytochemicals
prevent diseases
15
2.9
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 16
2.10
Escherichia
coli.
19
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials
and Methods 22
3.1
Sample collection.
22
3.2
Extraction of palm kernel
oil 22
3.3
Media used.
22
3.4
Sterilization
22
3.5
Phytochemical
analysis
22
3.6
Collection of Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 27
3.7
Detection of Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 27
3.8
Isolation of Escherichia coli 27
3.9
Identification of
Bacterial isolates.
27
3.10
Gram staining
27
3.11
Biochemical cultural
characteristics
28
3.12
Antimicrobial
susceptibility testing.
30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
32
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion
and conclusion 37
5.1 Discussion.
37
5.2 Conclusion
38
References
39
Appendix. 43
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title of Table
Page
1.0. Phytochemical analysis
33
2.0. Morphology and Biochemical
properties of MRSA and E. coli. 34
3.0. Antimicrobial activity of
PKO against MRSA 35
4.0. Antimicrobial activity of
PKO against E. coli. 36
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
According
to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1999), nearly 20,000 medicinal plants exist
in 91 countries. Africa is gifted with a very rich plant life and the use of
some of the traditional medicines and food preparations need to be well
documented. Among the many plants with healing properties in Africa is Elaeis guineensis Jacquin. E. guineensis is a perennial monocot
belonging to the family Palmae and tribe Cocoineae. It gives the highest oil
yield per hectare of all the economic oil crops (Corley and Tinker, 2003). It
is an important crop for Africa and contributes significantly to the national
economy (Yusof, 2002). E. guineensis
originated from West Africa where it was growing wild and later developed into
an agricultural crop. All parts of the plants are useful. The wood is used as
frames for buildings and the sap is fermented into palm wine. The oil from the
fruit mesocarp and the seeds are used for cooking and for making soaps, creams
and other cosmetics. The fresh sap is used as a laxative and the partially
fermented palm wine is administered to nursing mothers to improve lactation.
Soap prepared with ash from fruit-husk is used for the preparation of a soap
used for skin infections. A root decoction is used in Nigeria for headache. The
fruit mesocarp oil and palm kernel oil are administered as poison antidote and
used externally with several other herbs as lotion for skin diseases. Palm
kernel oil is applied to convulsant children to regulate their body
temperature. Folk remedies of oil palm include treatment for cancer, headache
and rheumatism and as an aphrodisiac, diuretic and liniment.
Palm
kernel oil (PKO) is obtained from processing the kernel from the fruit of the
oil palm tree (Elaies guineensis).
Palm kernel oil has similar uses to coconut oil owing to their similarity in
composition (Pantzaris and Ahmad, 2004). The major fatty acids in palm kernel
oil are lauric acid (C12, 48%), myristic acid (C14, 16%) and oleic acid (C18,
15%) (Pantzaris and Ahmad, 2004). Certain fatty acids (medium chain saturates)
and their derivatives have adverse effects on various microorganisms (Kabara,
1978) The antimicrobial effect of fatty acids are additive and total
concentration is critical for inactivating bacteria (Isaacs and Thomas, 1991).
The medium chain fats in lauric oils are comparable to fats in mother’s milk
and have similar nutriceutical effects (Kabara, 1990). Different preparations
of lauric oils promote luxurious hair growth and protect the skin from bacterial
and fungal infections (Kabara, 1990; Enig, 1998). Monolaurin has been specifically
found to have adverse effect on potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Isaac and
co-workers (1992) reported the inactivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and group B Gram-positive Streptococcus by lipases with high
monolaurin content. The people of Eastern region of
Nigeria have been using palm kernel oil as
skin ointment since prehistoric times although
scientific evidence for its antimicrobial effect is lacking.
Antimicrobial agents, particularly antibiotics, have been the
standard therapy for managing microbial infections, but in recent years,
genetic variation has given to pathogenic microbes a great advantage by
creating antibiotic resistance so the search for new antimicrobial substances
or drugs continues to be necessary. Major clinical issues arise when pathogenic
microbes develop multi-drug resistance intertwined with other problems such as
level of toxicity of antimicrobial drugs on host tissues. Further, reports from
the scientific community have raised concerns that antibacterial drug
development will not be adequately addressing the problems posed by antibiotic
resistance among important bacterial pathogens (Boucher et al.,2009). For example, in the First
European Communicable Disease Epidemiological
Report, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
had rated antimicrobial resistance as the main factor that contributes to
infectious disease in Europe due to the increase in infections owing to multidrug
resistant bacteria (Amato-Gauci,
and Ammon,2007). Hospitals globally are
facing the recent emergence of bacteria that are totally or almost totally
resistant to currently available antibiotics is even more threatening since
treatment options for infected patients are extremely limited (Lepape and Monnet,2009). The various strategies which have been identified to defeat
drug resistance, the investigation of new and effective natural products
exhibiting antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms is likely
to play a significant role to overcome drug resistance. One of such plant known
to have healing potential with various pharmacological activities is Elaeis
guineensis Jacq (Arecaceae). E. guineensis has many therapeutic uses in traditional medicine practice.
Every part of the plant can be used medicinally.
Antimicrobial
studies of the traditionally extracted palm kernel oil (Elu aki) and two other
oils; palm oil and coconut oil, on some microorganisms revealed that “Elu aki”
was active against Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus
(Ekpa and Ebana, 1996).
1.1 AIM
The aim of this research is to determine the phytochemical and
antimicrobial potential of palm kernel oil on the following pathogenic test organisms;
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus and E.coli.
1.2
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the phytochemical content of the palm kernel
oil.
2. To determine the antimicrobial potential of the palm kernel
oil against Methicillin resistant staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli.
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