ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES

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Product Code: 00008957

No of Pages: 55

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ABSTRACT

Moringa oleifera is a fast growing, drought resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native to tropical and subtropical countries. The plant leaves are very good nutrient supplement for malnutrition and used as antibiotics.  This study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera leaves extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from stool sample. The antimicrobial screening of ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves were done against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ethanolic extracts of Moringa showed a diameter zone of inhibition of 23mm against Staphylococcus aureus at 200mg/ml and a diameter zone of inhibition of 22mm against Escherichia coli at 200mg/ml. it was observed that the two micro-organisms were sensitive to ethanolic extract of moringa at 200mg/ml respectively. Agar well diffusion method was used to access the antibacterial effect of the extract on both gram negative and gram positive microorganisms.  The Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of moringa against Staphylococcus aureus were 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively and Escherichia coli 6.25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively. The phytochemical screening shows the presence of bioactive supplements such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            iii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          ix

List of Figures                                                                                                                         x

List of Plates                                                                                                                           xi

Abstract                                                                                                                                   xii

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Plant description                                                                                                         3

1.2       Aims and objectives                                                                                                   4

1.3       Justification                                                                                                                4

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review                                                                                                        5

2.1       Medicinal plant                                                                                                           5

2.2       Phytomedical plant                                                                                                     6

2.3       Morphological characters                                                                                           8

2.4       Ecological aspects of M. Oleifera                                                                              8

2.5       Traditional health benefits of M. Oleifera leaves                                                       9

2.6       Nutritional facts and pharmacological properties of M. Oleifera                             10

2.7      Nutritional benefits                                                                                            10

2.8       Health benefits                                                                                                            12

2.8.1    Health Benefits of Moringa                                                                                        12

2.8.2    Lower Blood Sugar Levels                                                                                         13

2.8.3    Reduces Cholesterol                                                                                                   13

2.8.4    Protects Liver                                                                                                              13

2.8.5    Treats Stomach Disorders                                                                                           14

2.8.6    Skin Care & Hair Care                                                                                               14

2.8.7    Antibacterial Agent                                                                                                    15

2.8.8    Anticancer Properties                                                                                                 15

2.8.9    Improves Bone Health                                                                                                16

2.8.10  Immunosuppressive Properties                                                                                   16

2.8.11  Improves eye health                                                                                                   17

2.9       Uses of moringa                                                                                                         17

2.10-    Antimicrobial activity                                                                                                 18

2.11     Anti-inflammatory activity                                                                                        19

2.12     Methods of plant extract preparation                                                                         20

2.12.1  Plant materials                                                                                                            20

2.12.2  Choice of solvent                                                                                                        21

2.12.3  The extraction methods                                                                                              21

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and method                                                                                                 23

3.1       Collection of plant materials                                                                                      23

3.2       Preparation of plant extract                                                                                        23

3.3       Ethanol extract preparation                                                                                        23

3.4       Media used                                                                                                                  23

3.4.1    Media preparation                                                                                                       24

3.5       Collection of test organisms                                                                                       24

3.6       Microbiological analysis                                                                                            24

3.6.1    Isolation and Identification of the Bacteria from Stool Sample                               24

3.6.2    Purification and storage of the bacteria                                                                      24

3.6.3    Colonial morphology                                                                                                  25

3.6.4    Gram staining                                                                                                             25

3.7       Biochemical tests                                                                                                        26

3.7.1    Coagulase test                                                                                                             26

3.7.2    Indole test                                                                                                                   26

3.7.3    Catalase test                                                                                                                26

3.7.4    Oxidase test                                                                                                                27

3.7.5    Susceptibility testing                                                                                                  27

3.8       Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration                                                28

3.9       Minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc)                                                               28

3.10     Phytochemical analysis                                                                                              28

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        30

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion Conclusion Recommendation                                                                  36

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   36

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  37

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                       37

References                                                                                                                  38

 



 

 


 

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

TITLE

PAGE

1

Plant parts Health benefits

9

2

Nutritional Value of Moringa leaf

11

4.1

Biochemical test

31

4.2

Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Moringaoleifera leaves on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

 

32

4.3

Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of ethanol extract of moringa against test organisms

 

34

4.4

Phytochemical screening of M. oleifera leaves

35

 

                                                           

 

 

 

 

 


 

LIST OF FIGURES


 1:        Showing moringa leaf                                                                                                3

 2:        Showing moringa flower                                                                                            3

 3:        Showing moringa pods                                                                                               3

 4:        Showing moringa seeds                                                                                              3

 

 

 


 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants have posed as natural resources of compounds with pharmacological and nutritional properties aiding humans to prevent and treat diseases (El Sohaimy et al., 2015). According to world health organization several varieties of drugs can be derived from medicinal plants. There is a continuous and urgent need to discover new antimicrobial compounds with peculiar potentials to be developed as future phytopharmaceuticals to treat a myriad of pathophysiological conditions (Ivana et al., 2018).

 

Among several plants evaluated in bioprospective studies, Moringa oleifera (Lam) (M. oleifera), popularly known, in Brazil, as moringa, líriobrancoor quiabo-de-quina, and, in some parts of the world, as drumstick tree or horseradish tree, has stood out in alternative medical therapies, showing benefits for the control of several diseases . Moringa extracts have widespread use by doctors, healers, nutritionist to treat under nutrition and anemia, especially in children and infants (Raimunda et al., 2017).

 

Moringa oleifera, Lam (M. oleifera), also known as MoringapterygospermaGaertn, a member of the Moringaceae family of perennial angiosperm plants, which includes 12 other species (Leone et al., 2015). It is a fast-growing, deciduous tree that is native to India and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas all over Asia, Africa, and South America (Meenakshi, 2019), where it is known by various vernacular names (Raimunda et al., 2017), with drumstick tree, Horseradish tree, Ben oil tree and malunggay. Moringa oleifera is an edible plant. A wide variety of nutritional and medicinal virtues have been attributed to its roots, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds (Anwar et al., 2007). Phytochemical analyses have shown that its leaves are particularly rich in potassium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamins A and D, essential amino acids, as well as such known antioxidants such as β-carotene, vitamin C, and flavonoids (Amaglo et al., 2010).

 

On the Internet, M. oleifera is variably labeled as Miracle Tree, Tree of Life, Mother’s Best Friend, God’s Gift to Man, Savior of the Poor. In many regions of Africa, it is widely consumed for self-medication by patients affected by diabetes, hypertension, or HIV/AIDS (Kasolo et al., 2010)Various parts of M. oleifera crude extracts showed potential antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant. Anti-inflammatory gastro-protective, neuro pharmacological (Bakre, et al., 2013). analgesic, hyperchlesterolaemic, Anaesthetic, wound healing, anti-tumour , anti-spasmodic, anti-depressant antiviral and anticancer properties.

 

It is distributed mainly in India, Ethiopia, Philippines and Sudan and is also being grown in West, East and South Africa, tropical Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Florida and the Pacific Islands (Fahey JW., 2015). Although modern science has recently discovered its value, moringa has been imparting a multitude of benefits across various cultures since ancient times. It was valued by the Romans, Egyptians, and Greeks for its medicinal impact on a range of ailments. Today, its usage has been encouraged by various humanitarian organizations to combat malnutrition and its effects in poverty-stricken regions, mainly due to its economic viability and rapid growth. Due to its extraordinary and unmatched range of medicinal benefits, it was named the “miracle tree” during the food crisis in Africa (Meenakshi, 2019).


1.1               Plant description

M. oleifera is a small or middle sized tree, about 10 m in height. M. oleifera is cultivated throughout India. It is found wild and cultivated throughout the plains, especially in hedges and in house yards, thrives best under the tropical insular climate, and is plentiful near the sandy beds of rivers and streams (Anwar, et al., 2007) M. oleifera has drumstick-like fruits, small white flowers and small and teardrop shaped round leaves, which are cooked and eaten as vegetable (Nambiar, 2006), M. oleifera grows very quickly and if cuttings are planted close together they will form fence that livestock cannot get through in just three months (Karthika , et al., 2013).

Fig 1:

Picture of Morigna leaf

Fig 2:

Picture of Moringa flower

Fig 3:

Picture of Morigna pods

 Fig 4:

Picture of Morigna seeds

 

 


Moringa oleifera a fast growing evergreen or delicious tree that usually grows up to 10 to 12m in its height, open crown of drooping fragile branches, feathery foliage of trip innante leaves and thick corky, whitish bark. Moringa oleifera is used as a highly nutritive vegetable in many countries. Traditionally its roots are applied as plaster to reduce the swelling and rheumatism. Moringa is rich in antioxidants and nutrients and its powerful health benefits include its ability to protect the liver, fight inflammation, and lower cholesterol. Moringa extract and powder can help give relief from stomach disorders, allergies, and edema. Moringa can help in managing diabetes, protect the eyes, improve cardiovascular health, enhance bone health, speed wound healing, and boost skin health. It has potent antibacterial and antifungal properties (Meenakshi, 2019).

 

1.2       Aims and objectives

      i.         To investigate the antibacterial activities of the extracts of moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

     ii.         To determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the leaves extract of moringa oleifera

   iii.         To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the leave extract of moringa oleifera.

   iv.         To conduct phytochemical screening of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

 

1.3       Justification

Due to the rising cost of synthetic medicine and emergence of drug resistance, a good number of people have deviated to plant derivatives for their health care. This justified the decision to screen the therapeutic potential of the selected plant leave extract against the chosen organisms.

 

 

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