ABSTRACT
The plant kingdom offers a variety of a wide range of plants with natural antimicrobial and medicinal values. The widespread of diseases of microbial origin remains alarming, particularly of serious concerns in the tropics and sub-tropics. The high costs of newer and effective drugs and other factors have made the choice of traditional herbal medicine considered against these pathogenic microbes, and making it more economical. N. leavis is one of the plants with magical effects, which is commonly called tree of life. N. leavis has been reported to have medicinal value ranging from anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungi, analgesic and wound healing properties. The results obtained from the phytochemical analysis of N. leavis leave extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, Phenols, Tannins, Protein etc. The highest yield was obtained from the water extract with protein giving a yield of 2.92. Phytochemical are naturally occurring and are believed to be effective in combating or preventing disease due to their antioxidant properties. While in the course of this study, it was discovered that Alkaloid, Tannins, Ether, Protein, Saponin and Phenol were all positive. While in the antimicrobial effect of N. leavis it was discovered that the highest yield was obtained from the water extract with the zone of inhibition on E.coli was 38mm. It was discovered that N. leavis has a clear zone of inhibition on E.coli and meanwhile there were no zone of inhibition on Methicillin resistant S. aureus in recommendation, I suggest that N. leavis is used to treat and E.coli induced infection.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
List
of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Medicinal Uses of N. leavis 2
1.3 Aims and Objectives 3
1.4 Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Background of the Study 4
2.2 Newbouldia
leavis 5
2.2.1 Scientific classification of Newbouldia leavis 5
2.2.2 Medicinal uses of Newbouldia leavis 6
2.3 Phytochemicals 7
2.3.1 Phytochemical constituents of plants 8
2.4 Terpenoids 8
2.5 Saponins 9
2.6 Tannins 10
2.7 Alkaloids 11
2.8 Escherichia coli 12
2.8.1 Taxonomy 12
2.8.2 Morphology and
Biochemical Characteristics 13
2.8.3 Habitat and Growth Characteristics 13
2.8.4 Pathogenic Escherichia coli 14
2.8.5 Gastrointestinal Infection 14
2.9 Staphylococcus aureus 14
2.9.1 Taxonomy 15
2.9.2 Morphology and Growth Characteristics 15
2.9.3 Natural Habitat 17
2.9.4 Virulence factors of S. aureus 18
2.9.5 Pathogenesis
of S. aureus 18
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Collection and Preparation of Plant Material
19
3.2 Preparation of
Plant Extract 19
3.3
Extraction of Plant Material 19
3.4 Phytochemcial Testing 20
3.4.1 Determination of Saponin 20
3.4.2 Determination of Total Phenol 21
3.4.3 Protein Determination 22
3.4.4 Test for Tannins 23
3.4.5 Test for Alkaloids 23
3.5 Media Used 24
3.5.1 Preparation of Media 24
3.5.2 Sterilization 24
3.5.3 Sources of the micro-organisms
Used 24
3.5.4 Biochemical confirmation at the test organism
25
3.6 Identification
of bacteria isolates 25
3.6.1 Gram staining 25
3.7 Biochemical
cultural confirmation 26
3.7.1
Catalase Test 26
3.7.2
Coagulase Test 26
3.7.3 Citrate Test 26
3.7.4 Motility, Indole, Urease Test (MIU) 27
3.7.5
Triple Sugar iron Test 27
3.7.6
Oxidase Test 28
3.8
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 28
3.8.1
Preparation of Paper Disc 28
3.8.2
Agar Disc Diffusion Method 28
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 30
4.1 The Morphology and biochemical
characterization of isolates used in this study 29
4.2 The qualitative phytochemical composition
of Newbouldia leavis from
different extracts 29
4.3 Antimicrobial activity of water extract of
Newbouldia leavis against the
bacterial
isolate
measured by zone of inhibition 29
4.4 Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract
of Newbouldia leavis measured by
zone of inhibition 29
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Discussion 34
5.2 Conclusion 35
5.3 Recommendations 36
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
4.1: Morphology and Biochemical Identification of Isolate 30
4.2: The Qualitative
Phytochemical Composition of Newbouldia
leavis
from different extracts 31
4.3: Antimicrobial Activity
of Water Extract of Newbouldia leavis
measured by Zone of Inhibition 32
4.4: Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Newbouldia leavis
measured by Zone of Inhibition 33
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The
wide spread of diseases of microbial origin remains alarming, very high and
particular of serious concerns in the tropics and sub-tropics. Microbial
infections can lead to serious and lethal complications. The high cost of newer
and effective drugs and other factors, has made the choice of traditional
herbal remedies against these infections unavoidable and more economical
(Okonko et al., 2009). Nosocomial
infection is an infection whose development is favored by hospital environment.
It may develop in a hospitalized patient without having been present or
incubating at the time of admission, or it may be acquired in hospital but only
appears after discharge. Since ancient times, plants have been found to be an
essential source of natural products for maintaining human health. There are
numerous compounds in plants that have efficient effects on animals and posses’
high therapeutic properties, which can be utilized in the treatment and care of
human and other animal diseases (Ubulom et
al., 2013). Modern day medicine at the turn of the millennium has been
characterized by breath-taking advances that are revolutionizing the practice
of medicine. However, invasive devices especially intravascular devices of all
types and urinary catheters continue to be essential for the management of
critically ill patients. Permitting lifesaving treatment and physiologic monitoring,
these ubiquitous devices, unfortunately, are a major cause of institutionally
acquired infections, especially in intensive care units. These infections have
fueled the advancing crisis in antibiotic resistance and have major economic
consequences in the form of extended length of hospital stay and attributable
mortality. The risk of device-related infection, more than anything else, has
forced medicine to accept the necessity for nosocomial infection control. In
general, invasive devices of all types are far more important in determining
susceptibility to nosocomial infection than are underlying diseases. The
emergence and spread of microbes that are resistant to cheap and effective
first-choice drugs has become a common occurrence. The problem is even more
evident in bacterial infections which contribute most to the global infectious
disease burden such as diarrheal, respiratory tract, meningitis, sexually
transmitted infections, and tuberculosis (WHO, 2002). Plants have traditionally
provided a source of hope for novel drug compounds, as plant herbal mixtures
have made large contributions to human health and well-being. Owing to their
popular use as remedies for many infectious diseases, searches for substances
with antimicrobial activity in plants are frequent (Betoni et. al., 2006). Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary
metabolites, such as Tannins, Terpenoids, Alkaloids, and Flavonoids, which have
been found in vitro to have
antimicrobial properties (Lewis et. al., 2006).
1.2 Medicinal
Uses of N. laevis
Scientifically,
N. leavis has been reported to have
medicinal value ranging from anti inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial,
anti-fungi, analgestic and wound healing properties (Chukwujeku et al., 2005; Kuete et aI., 2007). Specifically, the stem
bark mixed with clay and red pepper has been reported to be effective against
pneumonia, fever, cold, cough and for treating different illness like bone
lesions (Idu, 2009). N. leavis is
widely used in African folk medicine for the treatment of malaria and fever,
stomachache, coughs, sexually transmitted diseases, tooth ache, breast cancer,
and constipation (Arbonnier et al.,
2004).
In
South Eastern and part of the Midwestern Nigeria, the plant is used for the
treatment of septic wounds and eye problems according to (Usman et al., 2007). Scientific reports on the
phytochemical constituents of the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids and
phenylpropanoids in the root, flavonoids, and tannins in the leaf as revealed
by (Chukwujeku et al., 2005).
1.3 Aims
and Objectives
To
investigate the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Newbouldia leavis on Methicillline
resistant Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli.
1.4 Objectives
1. To determine the qualitative
phytochemical constituents of Newbouldia
leavis.
2. To isolate and confirm the text
organisms.
3. To determine the antimicrobial activity
of Newbouldia leavis on Methicillin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment