TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1.6:
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
1.7
STUDY AREA
1.7.1
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
1.7.2
LAND USE PATTERN OF IBADAN
1.7.3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IBADAN
1.7.4
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF IBADAN
METROPOLIS
CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
INTRODUCTION
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.1 CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
2.1.2
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.2.1
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR (TPB)
2.3
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1
RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 TYPES
AND SOURCES DATA
3.2.1
THE PRIMARY DATA SOURCES
3.2.2
THE SECONDARY DATA SOURCES
3.3
INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
3.5
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
3.4.1 DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
3.4.2
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
3.5 PROBLEM
ENCOUNTERED DURING DATA COLLECTION
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT
4.0
INTRODUCTION
4.1.0
ASSESSMENT OF URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS IN IBADAN METROPOLIS.
4.1.1
MEAN DISTRIBUTION OF HOW LONG (IN MONTH)
HAD THE RESPONDENTS BEEN STAYING IN THEIR RESPECTIVE AREA.
4.1.2
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “ARE YOU
AWARE OF URBAN BEAUTIFICATION”?
4.1.3
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “WAS ANY
PROJECTS ON URBAN BEAUTIFICATION EMBARKED UPON IN YOUR COMMUNITY”?
4.1.4
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “IF YES,
WHEN DID THE URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS STARTED IN YOUR AREA”?
4.1.5 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “HOW CAN YOU
RATE THE FOLLOWING URBAN BEAUTIFICATION IN YOUR AREA”?
4.1.6 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “WHAT IS/ARE
THE GOVERNMENT MAJOR STRATEGIES OF URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS IN RESPONDENTS
AREA”?
4.2.0
EXAMINING THE PERCEPTION OF THE
INHABITANTS OF IBADAN METROPOLIS ON THE URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS.
4.2.1
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “WHAT
IS/ARE RESPONDENTS OPINION(S) ABOUT URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS IN THEIR
RESPECTIVE AREA”?
4.3.0
EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF URBAN
BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF IBADAN METROPOLIS.
4.3.1
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “HAVE
URBAN BEAUTIFICATION PROGRAMS IN YOUR AREA AFFECTED PROGRAMS IN ANY WAY”?
4.3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “IF YOUR
ANSWER TO QUESTION 16 ABOVE IS YES, HOW”?
4.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY “IN WHICH
WAY(S) HAVE YOU PARTICIPATED IN BEAUTIFYING YOUR AREA”?
4.4
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.0
SUMMARY
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
5.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix
III
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Urban areas are the engines of
economic growth as well as location for complex network of activities essential
to basin human function of living and working (Mattingly, 1995). The lure of
employment and the perception of improved quality of life in the cities are
major socio-economic pull factors (Harris & Todaro, 1970; World Bank,
2007).
The huge increase in urban population
amounts to a crisis of unprecedented magnitude in urban shelter provision,
space for commerce and industry, quality health care and a conducive
environment. Every year, the world’s urban population is increasing by about
70million, equivalent to seven new megacities. These people need to be provided
with shelter, employment and urban services. People deserve the right to enjoy a living space that
is clean and maintained making it easy to agree that the clean-up of urban
areas is essential to building a lasting community. The way an area looks has
an impact on who moves there, how long they stay, and ultimately decides the
future of that neighbourhood. Picking up trash, maintaining the landscape, and
the demolition of abandoned buildings could inspire residents to work together
to rebuild their community. For neighbourhoods that have lost their appeal as
destinations of choice, a community clean up may be what is needed in order to
revitalize the area. (September 5, 2013
by Malcolm Johnson).
Urban
beautification starts by identifying the cosmetic changes that can be made in a
specific neighborhood then working with the residents to make community
improvements. Organizing specific days for residents to pick up trash or to
engage in some sort of area refurbishment is crucial to creating a better place
to live. Furthermore, public officials share part of this responsibility
as well, and should make policy initiatives to improve the regions they
represent. By putting in place programs to repair streets, sidewalks, and
demolish abandoned buildings, policy makers can contribute to rebuilding a
community. In order to make sure an area that has been rehabbed remains in the
best condition, lawmakers also have a duty to enforce ordinances that will
ensure the maintenance and cleanliness of a neighborhood.
In
addition to gaining a nicer living space, beautification may cause residents to
have an increased sense of pride in where they live. While there is no quick
fix to the many problems that are present in urban areas, a person who lives in
a clean environment may be more optimistic about the future. Living in a place
that is constantly improving might just inspire individuals to do the same
within themselves. The Neighborhood Beautification Program
was designed to engage communities to beautify underutilized spaces in each of
the City’s wards. This program complements the City's increased efforts to
clean and revitalize overlooked City owned spaces.
Urban areas in the developing world
are under constant pressure of a growing population. Cities, metropolis and
mega cities are now emerging as centers of domestic and international
investments in an era of economic reforms, liberalization and globalization.
This has created opportunities for technologists and planning professionals to
guide and develop the process of planned development and monument. One of the
main objectives of town planning is creation a conducive environment that is
functional, efficient and visually satisfying for living, working, recreation
and worship. However, many of today’s urban structures were never planned, for
instance, Ibadan city, was built at a time when planning awareness was
substantially different from today.
According to Agbola (1987:89), Ibadan
as a city was either not planned successfully or not planned at all. A large
part of the city seems to be unplanned and dominated by the trading activities.
Those who engaged in trading activities occupy an open spaces or shops along
major roads in other to display their goods. Sometimes they cover front of a
residential building along the road to shops while some other cases, the
traders display goods very close to the road setbacks. For those who occupy
open spaces, container, umbrellas serves as their shops in which they display
their goods. In other words, standard for physical development in Oyo state are
easily flouted and usually “there is no approval for change of use of open
sites for utilities and services” (Agbola 2009).
Urban beautification refers to a
program that protects and seeks to restore the beaty inherent in a targeted
environment, in this case of urban centre. Most developing countries in the
world engage in urban beautification of cities whose state has deteriorated or
decayed, in order to enhance the quality of the environment and for the purpose
of bringing out nature’s beauty. There are various forms of urban
beautification, among which are creation of car parks, the provision of proper
refuse dump for dirt in order to avoid littering, construction of bridges to
enhance transportation, construction of walkways, sculpture decoration,
ornamentation and greening of the environment and many more. The underlying
purpose of carrying out these projects are to give a facelift to parts of the
cities, that is, development and to make the immediate environment attractive
for investors, among others (Bilgili BC and Gokyer E 2012).
In the case of Nigeria, the Action
Congress of Nigeria (ACN), that was ruling some state of the federation then
before changing to All Progressive Congress (APC) in the last general election
of 2015, was carrying out beautification projects as part of its political
agenda. This is to bring about a face lift to the states they govern, in terms
of planting greens (flowers, trees) and expanding old major roads to enhance
movement in the respective states and the country.
Therefore, these two forms of urban
beautification are of paramount importance to the present study on Ibadan
urban. However, just a few portion of the state capital was covered.
In the case of Ibadan region, that
is, the pattern of urban beautification differs in the entire metropolis.
Places like Eleyele, Onireke, Aleshiloye, Gate, uch, Mokola, Challenge are more
of road expansion project, then, Ring-Road, Gate, Dugbe, Bodija, Toll Gate and
Akinyemi that features the planting of greens.
Whatever the case, before any form of
beautification could be implemented, certain structures would have been
demolished. Consequently, social and economic activitives would have been
impacted negatively among others. Therefore, containers, kiosks or any other
structure that are built in open spaces close to the road were subject to
demolition. In Ibadan urban, more than 400 structures, including residential
buildings that encroached on roads and illegal structures built by dwellers and
traders were demolished in designated commercial parts of the city.The presence
study is therefore to verify the perception of Ibadan metropolis dwellers on
urban beautification programmes in Ibadan metropolis.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
There are many problems facing most
urban centers, among which are the growth of illegal unauthorized structures;
that is structures that flout principle of the standard offset backs to roads,
high tension power-lines and unauthorized conversion of approved use of land to
different use(s) that’s encroached on open spaces. These are compounded by
growing population size and increase of social and economic activities. Ibadan
metropolis, as a commercial nerve center of Nigeria and as an area experiencing
high rate of urbanization is lacking in terms of adequate
physical layout adnd planning. In the
recent past, Ibadan was classified as one of the dirtiest cities in the world,
due to the shabby environmental situation of the largest city, south of the
Sahara. (Kumuyi 2005).
However, Oyo state Government took
interest in urban beautification in order to transform the city into a better
shape. This resulted in the demolition of illegal structures along selected
road. The spilt-over effect is the displacement of traders that occupied the
illegal shops and spaces along the roads. The present study is therefore to
examine the forms of urban beautification that are implemented in Ibadan urban
and the way the dwellers perceived it. These are examined in terms of changes
in the rate of security, road accessibility, loss of buildings/shops, damaged
acquired by individuals to the city.
1.3 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to assess
the perception on urban beautification programs in Ibadan metropolis. The
specific objectives are to:
1. To
assess urban beautification programs in Ibadan metropolis.
2. To
examine the perception of the inhabitants of Ibadan metropolis on the urban
beautification programs.
3. To
examine the effects of urban beautification programs on the livelihood of
inhabitants of the study area.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.
Where are the urban beautification projects found across the study area?
1. What
are the forms of urban beautification in Ibadan?
2. Which
urban structure was demolished to accommodate the exiting urban beautification
projects?
3. What
are people’s perception of urban beautification in Ibadan metropolis?
4. What
have been the impact of the beautification on urban dwellers in Ibadan
metropolis?
1.5
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1. There
is no significant difference in the perception of inhabitants about urban
beautification programs.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study which assesses the
perception and attitude of people towards urban beautification program in
Ibadan Metropolis is significant as it is expected to arise the consciousness
of the people on the benefit of city beautification and space in urban areas.
The study will help change the attitude and perception of people and government
officials about urban beautification programs. It will help to bring about the
better management and maintenance of Ibadan city cleanliness and beauty.
1.7
STUDY AREA
1.7.1
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Ibadan is said to be the largest
indigenous urban city in Africa, south of the Sahara (Mabogunje, 1968). The
city has a total human population of 2,550,593 (National Population Census, 2006).
Ibadan is located at latitude of 7° 25' N of the equator and longitude of 3°
54' E and approximately 145 kilometres north of Lagos. The city is directly
connected to many towns in Nigeria and its rural hinterland by a system of
roads, railways and air routes. It is located near the forest-grassland
boundary of South-western Nigeria. The need to develop housing to meet the need
of the rising population has led to the occupancy of floodplains. It was
established by Lagelu after the destruction of the first settlement near Awotan
in the Ido Local Government Area (Mabogunje, 1968). This is shown in figure 1.1
below.
Ibadan city the capital of Oyo state
of Nigeria can be describe as a traditional city as a result of certain
characteristics it possesses- a central market, a remarkable social structure
and the rather unusual pattern of urban – rural migration. The city is the
second fastest growing city in Nigeria after Lagos and the largest indigenous
urban centers in Africa. It has a sound network which connects many towns in
Nigeria – roads, railways and air routes. Most traders from Lagos to the
northern state through Abeokuta and Sagamu meet in Ibadan before proceeding to
their destinations.
1.7.2
LAND USE PATTERN OF IBADAN
Ibadan an indigenous city grew
organically without due consideration for effective physical planning. Ibadan
is characterized by both planned and unplanned growth. The unplanned sector of
the city is in the south eastern part which is predominantly inhabited by the
indigenes. This area constitutes about 60% of the spatial coverage. The
non-indigenous sector is a mixture of planned and area. The planned areas have
experienced varied degrees of planned growth. The growth of the city is a jig
saw affair which is not coordinated within a master plan. It is yet to produce
its development plan. The only tool used for controlling development is lay out
plan which is even called “adopted layout” as a result of land use degree of
1978.
The pattern of urban land use shows
that the largest use of land is still for residential purposes which occupy
about 51.39% of the total land in the metropolitan area. Industrial use of land
account for only 14.34% (Muili 2005). The core area are mostly characterized by
residential land use inhabited largely by the indigenous Ibadan population and
early non- Yoruba migrants and a number of newer suburbs. The core area –Beere
Labiran, Oje etc, where proceed of compound disintegration called growth by
fusion may still be observed today (Mabogunje 1968). Commercial activities in
Ibadan can be found in Gbagi-Dugbe axis, Gate-Iwo road axis, etc. Dugbe is
central business district of Ibadan.
1.7.3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
IBADAN
Traditionally, the occupation of the
Ibadan people is trading and crafting. The favorite climate condition
encourages farming, so also the natural features of sending and swampy soil.
The farming suburb stretched over considerable distance into the surrounding
country sides. Apart from farming, others are self-employed in various
occupations such as carpentry, motor mechanics, driving, printing, hairdressing,
barbing etc.
Trading has played a paramount role
in the development of Ibadan and thereby increasing population which eventually
led to high standard of living. The administrative influence of Ibadan to more
than half of the entire Yoruba speaking people of Nigeria, due to their strong
influence to invade and subdue other settlers for many years. The locational
advantage of the city has made it that prominence as favorable center for
political, commercial, educational industrial and social activities. The scale
of activities created a job opportunity and consequently influence people into
the city as such, responsible for a great population and large extend in size.
However, Ibadan is well acquainted
with many commercial and merchants banks, administrative offices, and research
establishment.
1.7.4
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF IBADAN
METROPOLIS
Ibadan metropolis has a population of
2,550,590mllion according to2006 population census (NPC 2007) at 4.4% annual
growth rate. The population is more concerned with the number of females in the
study area, because more females dominate the trading activities in the study
area. The breakdown of the population in the study area is as shown in Table
1.11
Table
1.1: Distribution of Population in Ibadan Urban
|
LGA
|
Female
|
Male
|
Total
|
|
Ibadan
North
|
162,628
|
144,167
|
306,795
|
|
Ibadan
North East (Central)
|
147,122
|
183,277
|
330,399
|
|
Ibadan
North West
|
76,324
|
76,510
|
152,834
|
|
Ibadan
South East
|
133,572
|
132,474
|
266,046
|
|
Ibadan
South West
|
139,019
|
143,566
|
282,585
|
Source:
2006 Population, Nigerian Population Commission Abuja, Nigeria, April 2010.
Figure 1.1: Map of study area
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