OCCURRENCE OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AMONG POULTRY BIRDS

ABSTRACT

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an organism responsible for causing deadly infections in man, poultry and several other animal species. Ever since the discovery of MRSA in decade of 1960’s, it has been isolated and reported in live poultry birds and their meat products worldwide. This research is aimed at isolating and identifying methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus among poultry birds. Methicillin resistant s. aureus was isolated from cloaca swab, nostril swab and mouth swab of a poultry bird. The isolates were subjected to gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test and antimicrobial susceptibility test which was carried out against a panel of nine (9) antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ampiclox, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, tetracycline, augmentin, oxacillin and strptomycin). The result obtained showed that over 60% of all isolates were resistant to tetracycline,  43.3%  were resistant  to ciprofloxacin and more than 45% were resistant to oxacillin. Fewer samples were resistant to ampiclox, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, augmentin and streptomycin and no resistance was seen in amoxicillin. This suggests that poultry birds in the study area are heavily contaminated with methicillin resistant s. aureus. Therefore horizontal gene transfer is suspected which can be controlled by reducing the amount of antibiotics used on poultry birds.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                                             i

Certification                                                                                                                                 ii

Dedication                                                                                                                            iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                              iv

Table of contents                                                                                                                 v

List of tables                                                                                                                        vi

Abstract                                                                                                                                vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction                                                                                                            1

1.1    Aim and objectives                                                                                                      2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0    Literature Review                                                                                                        4

2.1    What is antibiotic resistance?                                                                                      4

2.2    Antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poor quality veterinary medicine         4

2.3    Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus                                                               5

2.4    Use of antibiotic in animal production                                                                       6

2.4.  The effect of antibiotic use in animals on human health:                                          7

2.5    Antibiotic resistance of some selected organisms in poultry                                    8

2.5.1   Staphylococcus species                                                                                             8

2.5.2   Pseudomonas species                                                                                                8

2.5.3   Salmonella species                                                                                                     9

2.5.4   Streptococcus species                                                                                              10

2.5.5   Campylobacter species                                                                                              10

2.5.6   Proteus species                                                                                                           11

2.6     Mechanism of methicillin resistance                                                                         12

2.6.1   MecA gene                                                                                                                 12

2.7      Types of MRSA                                                                                                         13

2.7.1   Health-care associated MRSA (HA-MRSA)                                                           13

2.7.2   Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA)                                                           13

2.8      Symptoms of MRSA                                                                                                 14

2.9       Treatment an control of MRSA                                                                               14

2.10     Vaccines as important agents to address antibiotic resistance                                    15

2.11    Internal factors affecting methicillin resistance                                                       15

2.12    External factors affecting methicillin resistance                                                      16

CHAPTER THREE   

3.0      Materials and method                                                                                               17

3.1      Sample collection                                                                                                      17

3.2      Media used in this study                                                                                            17

3..2.1  MacConkey agar                                                                                                        17

3.2.2  Nutrient agar                                                                                                                17

3.2.3  Mannitol salt agar                                                                                                        18

3.3     Sterilization                                                                                                                 18

3.4     Isolation of microorganisms from poultry bird samples                                          18

3.5     Characterization of isolates                                                                                        18

3.5 .1  Gram staining                                                                                                             18

3.5.2   Spore staining technique                                                                                           19

3.5.3   Catalase test                                                                                                                19

3.5.4   Coagulase test                                                                                                            20

3.6      Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern                                             20

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Results                                                                                                                         22

4.1    Identification of isolated bacteria                                                                                22

4.2    Occurrence of MRSA                                                                                                  23

4.3    Antibiotic resistance                                                                                                    24

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1    Discussion                                                                                                                    25

5.2    Conclusion                                                                                                                   26

5.3    Recommendation                                                                                                         27                                                                                                                                                       

REFERENCES                                                                                                                               

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Identification of the isolated bacteria

Table 2: Occurrence of MRSA

Table 3: Antibiotic resistance

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                    INTRODUCTION

The livestock census estimate has shown that Nigeria has over 145 million chickens. From a market size perspective, egg production in Nigeria is the largest in Africa, and it has the second largest chicken population after South Africa. In Abia State, poultry production is one of the major leading economic activities. The sub-sector tops the priority of the present government as a tool for sustainable development. However, the viability and development of the industry is threatened by infectious diseases partly due to poor sanitary practices and lack of managerial skills. Some of the common poultry diseases encountered in the state include: Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, fowl pox, salmonellosis, colibacillosis and various forms of staphylococcal infections (Ibitoye et al., 2015).

Staphylococci are Gram positive bacteria that range from 0.5-1.5 μm in diameter and exist as irregular grape like clusters (Harris et al., 2016). These are one of the most prevalent bacteria in both human and animals (Persoons et al., 2016; Suleiman et al., 2018). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens colonizing the skin and mucus membranes of the nares in human and animals incriminated in different disease conditions ranging from minor skin infections, such as furunclosis and carbunclosis to severe and highly debilitating conditions such as pneumonia and endocarditis (Jensen and Lyon, 2018). The pathogen is endowed with a great variety of virulence markers, which include both structural and secreted products participating in pathogenesis of infection (Plata et al., 2018). Methicillin resistance emerged among some strains of S. aureusimmediately after the introduction of the drug for clinical use in the early 1960s (Sakoulas and Moellering, 2018).

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) had acquired the mecA gene which encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein 2α with reduced affinity for methicillin (Nworie et al., 2018). This gene complex also allows cross resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics such as clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin and gentamycin because of the presence of insertion sites for plasmids and transposons (Nworie et al., 2018). Recently, MRSA has been increasingly reported as a potential zoonotic pathogen (Bakeet and Darwish, 2014) isolated from a number of animal species such as Dogs, Cats, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Chickens worldwide (Becker et al., 2015). The extensive use of antimicrobial agents in food animals’ production, where they are often applied at sub-therapeutic doses for growth promotion and routine prophylactics, often result to multidrug-resistant development among bacteria (Oke and Adewale, 2018; Bitrus et al., 2016). Since this is a common practice by farmers, it can result to the proliferation of antimicrobials resistant pathogens in poultry (Oke and Adewale, 2018) thus, threatening the health of farm personnel that are in contact with such animals.

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to determine the presence of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus from poultry birds in Umuahia, Abia State.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

 To isolate and identify Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus from poultry  birds in Umuahia, Abia State.

To determine the presence of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus in poultry birds in Umuahia, Abia State.

To determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus from poultry birds in Umuahia, Abia State.

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.