ABSTRACT
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an organism responsible for causing deadly infections in man, poultry and several other animal species. Ever since the discovery of MRSA in decade of 1960’s, it has been isolated and reported in live poultry birds and their meat products worldwide. This research is aimed at isolating and identifying methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus among poultry birds. Methicillin resistant s. aureus was isolated from cloaca swab, nostril swab and mouth swab of a poultry bird. The isolates were subjected to gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test and antimicrobial susceptibility test which was carried out against a panel of nine (9) antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ampiclox, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, tetracycline, augmentin, oxacillin and strptomycin). The result obtained showed that over 60% of all isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 43.3% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and more than 45% were resistant to oxacillin. Fewer samples were resistant to ampiclox, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, augmentin and streptomycin and no resistance was seen in amoxicillin. This suggests that poultry birds in the study area are heavily contaminated with methicillin resistant s. aureus. Therefore horizontal gene transfer is suspected which can be controlled by reducing the amount of antibiotics used on poultry birds.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
List of tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and objectives 2
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Literature Review 4
2.1
What is antibiotic resistance? 4
2.2
Antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poor quality veterinary
medicine 4
2.3
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus 5
2.4
Use of antibiotic in animal production 6
2.4.
The effect of antibiotic use in animals on human health: 7
2.5
Antibiotic resistance of some selected organisms in poultry 8
2.5.1
Staphylococcus species 8
2.5.2
Pseudomonas species 8
2.5.3
Salmonella species 9
2.5.4
Streptococcus species 10
2.5.5 Campylobacter species 10
2.5.6 Proteus species 11
2.6 Mechanism of methicillin resistance 12
2.6.1 MecA gene 12
2.7 Types of MRSA 13
2.7.1 Health-care associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) 13
2.7.2 Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) 13
2.8 Symptoms of MRSA 14
2.9 Treatment an control of MRSA 14
2.10 Vaccines as important agents to address
antibiotic resistance 15
2.11 Internal factors affecting methicillin
resistance 15
2.12 External factors affecting methicillin
resistance 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and method 17
3.1 Sample collection 17
3.2 Media used in this study 17
3..2.1 MacConkey agar 17
3.2.2 Nutrient agar 17
3.2.3 Mannitol salt agar 18
3.3 Sterilization 18
3.4 Isolation of microorganisms from poultry
bird samples 18
3.5 Characterization of isolates 18
3.5 .1 Gram staining 18
3.5.2 Spore staining technique 19
3.5.3 Catalase test 19
3.5.4 Coagulase test 20
3.6 Determination of antimicrobial
susceptibility pattern 20
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Results 22
4.1 Identification of isolated bacteria 22
4.2 Occurrence of MRSA 23
4.3 Antibiotic resistance 24
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 26
5.3 Recommendation 27
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1:
Identification of the isolated bacteria
Table
2:
Occurrence of MRSA
Table
3:
Antibiotic resistance
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The livestock census estimate has
shown that Nigeria has over 145 million chickens. From a market size
perspective, egg production in Nigeria is the largest in Africa, and it has the
second largest chicken population after South Africa. In Abia State, poultry
production is one of the major leading economic activities. The sub-sector tops
the priority of the present government as a tool for sustainable development.
However, the viability and development of the industry is threatened by
infectious diseases partly due to poor sanitary practices and lack of
managerial skills. Some of the common poultry diseases encountered in the state
include: Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, fowl pox, salmonellosis,
colibacillosis and various forms of staphylococcal infections (Ibitoye et al., 2015).
Staphylococci are Gram positive
bacteria that range from 0.5-1.5 μm in diameter and exist as irregular grape
like clusters (Harris et al., 2016).
These are one of the most prevalent bacteria in both human and animals
(Persoons et al., 2016; Suleiman et al., 2018). Staphylococcus aureus is
one of the most important pathogens colonizing the skin and mucus membranes of
the nares in human and animals incriminated in different disease conditions
ranging from minor skin infections, such as furunclosis and carbunclosis to
severe and highly debilitating conditions such as pneumonia and endocarditis
(Jensen and Lyon, 2018). The pathogen is endowed with a great variety of
virulence markers, which include both structural and secreted products
participating in pathogenesis of infection (Plata et al., 2018). Methicillin resistance emerged among some strains of
S. aureusimmediately after the introduction of the drug for clinical use
in the early 1960s (Sakoulas and Moellering, 2018).
Methicillin
resistant S. aureus (MRSA) had acquired the mecA gene which
encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein 2α with reduced affinity for
methicillin (Nworie et al., 2018).
This gene complex also allows cross resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics
such as clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin and gentamycin
because of the presence of insertion sites for plasmids and transposons (Nworie
et al., 2018). Recently, MRSA has
been increasingly reported as a potential zoonotic pathogen (Bakeet and
Darwish, 2014) isolated from a number of animal species such as Dogs, Cats,
Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Chickens worldwide (Becker et al., 2015). The extensive use of antimicrobial agents in food
animals’ production, where they are often applied at sub-therapeutic doses for
growth promotion and routine prophylactics, often result to multidrug-resistant
development among bacteria (Oke and Adewale, 2018; Bitrus et al., 2016). Since this is a common practice by farmers, it can
result to the proliferation of antimicrobials resistant pathogens in poultry (Oke
and Adewale, 2018) thus, threatening the health of farm personnel that are in
contact with such animals.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this study is to determine the presence of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus from poultry
birds in Umuahia, Abia State.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
To isolate and identify Methicillin resistance
Staphylococcus aureus from
poultry birds in Umuahia, Abia State.
To
determine the presence of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus in poultry birds in Umuahia, Abia State.
To
determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus from poultry birds
in Umuahia, Abia State.
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