ABSTRACT
Nigeria is faced with malnutrition and this affect all age groups especially the vulnerable population. The objective of this study is to determine the nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of drink produced from tigernut, date fruits and orange fruits. The study was experimental in design. A total of three different drinks were produced, the date fruits served as a sweetener and 62ml was added to each of the three samples developed, the control, containing 100% vita milk while samples developed were 100% tigernut drink, tigernut drink + orange drink (70:30%) and tigernut drink + orange drink (30:70%). Standard method was used to prepare the drinks. The proximate and mineral contents of the drinks were also determined using standard AOAC methods. Vitamin contents were determined using wet-acid digestion method for multiple nutrients determination, and their sensory attributes were assessed using a nine-point hedonic scale and analysed using Duncan Multiple Range Test. All test were carried out in duplicate and the data generated were analysed using standard methods. The results showed a reasonable amount of protein contents of 6.76, 5.07 and 2.87% for 100% tigernut drink, tigernut drink + orange drink (70:30%) and tigernut drink + orange drink (30:70%), respectively. Proximate composition showed that 100% tigernut drink had higher protein (6.78%) and fat (24.4%) but low carbohydrate (3.11%) than tigernut drink + orange drink (70:30%). Blend of (30:70%) had less protein (2.87%) than 100% tigernut drink and blend of (70:30%). All samples had high moisture content which ranged from 65.05-81.19%. Significant difference (p≥0.05) did not exist in sensory scores of colour, flavor, taste, after-taste and general acceptability. It was concluded that drink from tiger-nut and orange be encouraged due to the high nutrient contents (protein, fat etc.) so as to help alleviate the problem of protein-energy malnutrition.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE
OF CONTENTS viii
LIST
OF TABLES ix
LIST
OF FIGURES x
ABSTRACT xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement of problem 3
1.2 Objectives of the study 4
1.3 Significance of the study 5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1
Tigernut 6
2.1.1 Chemical composition of tigernut 7
2.1.2 Proximate composition of tigernut 8
2.1.3 Vitamin and mineral compostion of tigernut 8
2.2 Uses of tigernut 9
2.3 Anti-nutrients in tigernut and their
elimination 9
2.3.1 Anti-nutrient in tigernut 9
2.3.2 Elimination of anti-nutrient in tigernut 10
2.4 Date fruit; chemical composition, anti
nutrients and uses 10
2.4.1 Date fruit 11
2.4.2 Chemical composition of date fruit 11
2.4.2.1Carbohydrate
and sugar 11
2.4.2.2
Proteins 12
2.4.2.3
Fatty acids content 12
2.4.2.4
Dietary fibre 12
2.4.2.5
Vitamin and mineral content 13
2.4.3 Anti-nutrient factors and their elimination 13
2.4.4 Uses of date fruit 13
2.5 Orange, chemical composition,
anti-nutrients and their uses 14
2.5.1 Orange fruit 14
2.5.2 Proximate composition of orange 15
2.5.3 Vitamins and minerals composition of orange 15
2.5.3.5
Uses of oranges 16
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS 17
3.1 Study design 17
3.2 Sample collection 17
3.3 Sample preparation 17
3.3.1 Preparation of the drink 19
3.3.2 Preparation of sample for chemical analysis 20
3.4 Chemical analysis 20
3.4.1 Proximate composition 20
3.4.1.1
Determination of moisture content 20
3.4.1.2
Determination of ash content 21
3.4.1.3
Determination of crude fibre content 21
3.4.1.4
Determination of protein content 22
3.4.1.5
Determination of fat content 23
3.4.1.6
Determination of carbohydrate content 23
3.4.1.7
Determination of energy 24
3.4.2 Mineral analysis 24
3.4.2.1
Determination of calcium content 25
3.4.2.2
Determination of zinc and iron contents 25
3.4.2.3
Determination of phosphorus 26
3.4.3 Vitamin analysis 26
3.4.3.1
Determination of vitamin E 27
3.4.3.2
Determination of vitamin C 30
3.4.3.3
Determination of vitamin A 31
3.4.4 Anti-nutrient analysis 31
3.4.4.1
Alkaloid Determination 32
3.4.4.2
Determination of Tannin 33
3.4.4.3
Phenol determination 34
3.4.4.4
Oxalate determination 34
3.5 Sensory evaluation of the drink 34
3.6 Statistical Analysis 35
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36
4.1 Proximate composition of the drinks 40
4.2 Mineral composition of the drinks 43
4.3 Vitamin composition of the drinks 45
4.4 Anti-nutrient composition of the drinks 47
4.5 Sensory evaluation of the drinks 49
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION 50
5.1 Conclusion 50
5.2 Recommendations 51
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
4.1 Proximate composition of drink samples 38
4.2 Mineral content of drink samples 42
4.3 Vitamin content of the drinks 45
4.4 Anti-nutrient composition of drink
samples 47
4.5 Sensory scores of the drink samples 49
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3.3.1 Flow chart for the preparation of tigernut
juice 17
3.3.2 Flow chart for the preparation of date fruit
syrup 18
3.3.3 Flow chart for the preparation of orange
juice 18
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
With over 11 million stunted children,
Nigeria is facing a crisis of malnutrition and rank second behind India among countries with the highest number of stunted
children and poor physical growth and brain development, preventing them from
thriving and living up to their full potential (United Children Education
Fund(UNICEF),2013). Malnutrition is a pathological condition brought about by
the inadequate nutrients necessary for survival, growth, reproduction as well
as productivity at work (United Children Education Fund and Federal Government
of Nigerian, 2001). Reducing malnutrition among children under the age of five
remains a huge challenge in developing countries of the world. An estimated 230
million under-five children are believed to be chronically malnourished in
developing countries (Van de Poel et al.,
2001). Similarly, about 54% of deaths among children of this age group are
believed to be associated with malnutrition in developing countries (Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2008). In sub-Saharan Africa, 41% of under-five
children are malnourished and deaths from malnutrition are increasing on daily
basis in the region (FAO, 2008). Malnutrition is widespread in Nigeria,
especially in the rural areas. This is partly due to inadequate food and
nutrient supply.
An ample amount of nutrients can be gotten
from consumption of nuts and fruits, like other plant foods, nuts provide a
range of nutrients, including large quantities of healthy monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fats (49-74%) and
moderate amounts of protein (9-20%) (Wardlaw and Kessel, 2002). Nuts are also a
good source of dietary fibre and provide a wide range of essential nutrients,
including several B group vitamins (including folate), vitamin E, minerals such
as calcium, iron, zinc, potassium and magnesium, antioxidant minerals
(selenium, manganese and copper), plus other phytochemicals such as antioxidant
compounds, (flavonoids and resveratrol) and plant sterols (Ellsworth et al., 2001).And all these wonderful
benefit of nuts can be harnessed and gotten from constant consumption of tiger
nuts and date fruits.
Tiger nuts which are a lesser known plant
food that is common in West Africa, can be eaten in whole or converted into
drinks for children. It is a rich source of nutrients such as vitamin C and E,
minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron, carbohydrate,
unsaturated fats, proteins and some enzymes which help in digestion (Moore,2004;Wardlaw
and Kessel, 2002). Date fruits are also excellent sources of nutrients such as
carbohydrates in particular sugars which provide a readily available source of
energy to the human body (Ali et al.,
2009). Dates contain various types of phytochemicals such as carrotenoids
(beta-carotene, lycopene, luten etc) (Shahidi and Nazek, 2004; Al-Farsi et
al., 2005b, Biglari et al., 2008).
They also contain many important vitamins such as vitamin E, thiamin, niacin,
vitamin B6, folate and minerals such as high levels of selenium, copper,
potassium and magnesium, moderate concentrations of manganese, iron, phosphorus
and calcium and small quantities of boron (Al-Farsi et al., 2005a, Khan et al.,
2008).
Also, when fruits like citrus fruits are incorporated
into diets it makes them balance. Citrus fruits are the main source of
important phytochemical nutrients and for long have been valued for their
wholesome nutrients and antioxidant properties. It is scientifically proven that
oranges being rich in vitamins and minerals have many health benefits. Moreover,
compounds found in citrus fruits such as phytochemical, antioxidants, soluble
and insoluble dietary fibres are known to be helpful in reducing the risk for
cancers, many chronic diseases like arthritis, obesity and coronary heart
diseases (Dimajo, 2005). Moore (2004) reported that the expansion of this drink
will significantly help research on healthy lifestyle linking the drink to
healthier cholesterol levels and non-dairy manufacturers.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Food insecurity and malnutrition among the
vulnerable groups have been a serious national issue. Each year about one
million Nigerian children die before their 5th birthday.
Malnutrition contributes to nearly half of these deaths (UNICEF, 2013). Also
owning to the fact that the rates of stunting in Nigeria have been static for
more than a decade, about 2 in every 5 Nigerian children are stunted, with
rates of stunting varying throughout the country. In south- East, the rate of
stunting is 16% while that of south- south is 18% (National population
Commission, (NPC) Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2013). The percent of
children in Nigeria who are wasted, or too thin for their height, has steadily
increased over the last decade, rising from 11% in 2003 to 18 %in 2013 (National
Population Commission (NPC) (2003) and Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey,
2013). Some of the factors that may affect food security as well as nutrition
are outlined by Ndubuisi (2009) as inadequate production and knowledge of the
food use, poor processing, preservation and storage technique, poverty, extreme
imbalance in food or population ratio and food prices.
Tiger nut, dates fruits and citrus fruits
have for many years been some of the underutilized food crops in Nigeria. They
are mostly eaten raw as snack and un-identified as very important food crops
that have great potential in managing, preventing and eliminating malnutrition
(macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies) or food security problems (Martinez,2003).
It has been demonstrated by nutritionist that the major nutritional problems
could be solved through exploitation of the nutrition and economic potentials
of the local food resources (Ade-Omowaye et
al.,2008). Tiger nut, dates fruits, and citrus fruits are some of the underutilized
crop with great potentials for domestic and commercial purposes. There is no
documentation of a successful product made from tiger nut, date fruits and
citrus fruits in the Nigerian market. A successful product offers a benefit
that is acceptable and valued by the consumer (Moore, 2004).
There is a little documentation on the
nutritional quality and versatility of these nuts and fruit in food preparation
despite their availability. However, they are still one of the least popular
nuts and fruits in Nigeria and hence the need for this research which intends
to evaluate, promote productions and utilization of these nuts and fruits using
various processing techniques.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to determine
the nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of drink produced from tiger
nut, date fruits and citrus fruits.
Specific objectives are to:
1) Produce
mixed drinks from tiger nuts, date fruits and orange fruits.
2) Determine
nutrient composition of the drinks made from tiger nuts, date fruits and orange
fruits
3) Evaluate
the acceptability of the drinks.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study emerges from
the fact that a substitute to animal sources of milk using a plant source in
the production of drinks will be examined. The results of this study will
provide a baseline data on tiger nut, date fruits and citrus fruit utilization.
The study will add to the stock of knowledge in the field of study. It shall
also serve as reference materials to students, food industries, health practitioners,
and other researchers in the field and other related areas.
The research will serve as a guide for future
researches by students on the possible use of these dietary related products
especially students in food related courses. The research will aid health practitioners
in advocating for the intake of an alternative for patients who are milk
intolerant. The findings from the study will provide information to dietitians
on the mineral and vitamin content of the drink. This will serve as food supplement
given to patients on special diets. Also weaning babies will benefit from the study
as it will serve as a complementary drink for them.
The information generated from the study
will boost research on various biotechnological innovations in the production
of the drink to meet its demand to various uses and also increase the
production of the fruits relative to the production level now since there has
not been basic industrial uses of the fruits combined together currently. It
could also be incorporated into the programs of different schools and colleges
so that they will exploit the knowledge derived from this work. Also pregnant
mothers will benefit from the nutritional and health benefits of this work
because of the high nutrient value of the drink that will help boost their
system due to their physiological needs. Also men will benefit from this
research because the drink will boost their immune system and fertility through
its rich vitamin E content (Muanya, 2015).
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