ABSTRACT
The early
transmitter for radio broadcasting is so big and bulky that they do occupy
numerous spaces. The circuitry are mainly designed with valves, which are big
in sizes. With the advent of semiconductor materials such as transistors
electronic equipment are now becoming miniaturized such that small transmitters
are now becoming handy and compact. In line with this we choose to design a
simple low cost FM booster that is compact and existence of semiconductor materials.
An antenna amplifier boosts a radio signal considerably for devices that
receive radio waves. Many devices have an RF amplifier stage in their
circuitry, that amplifies the antenna signal. The received signal is usually
very low in amplitude and is not enough for the receiver circuitry, hence the
signal booster. In this project, we discuss a FM booster that can be used to
listen to programs from distant FM stations clearly.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page
Title page - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - - v
Table of content - - - - - - - - vi
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction: - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background of the Study: - - - - - -
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem: - - - - - 5
1.3 Objective of the Study: - - - - - - 6
1.4 Significance of the Study: - - - - - - 6
1.5 Scope of the Study: - - - - - - - 6
Chapter Two
2.1 Literature Review: - - - - - - - 7
2.2 Fm Transmitter Background - - - - - 7
2.3. Component Of Fm Signal Booster - - - - 8
2.4 Transformer - - - - - - - - 9
2.5 Capacitor - - - - - - - - 11
2.6 Transistor - - - - - - - - 13
2.7 Diodes - - - - - - - - 15
2.10 Resistor - - - - - - - - 16
2.11 Bridge Rectifier - - - - - - - 19
Chapter Three
3.1 Methodology: - - - - - - - - 21
3.2 Amplifier Explanations - - - - - - 22
Chapter
Four
4.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 24
References:
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. AN
OVER VIEW OF MODULATION:
In
communication engineering, modulation is a very important process. FM
transmission is therefore not possible without modulation and this process of
modulation is achieved through the use of transmitter
Here,
modulation is seen as the process of combining the low – frequency signal with
a very high – frequency radio wave called carrier wave and the resultant wave
produced is called modulated wave.
THE NEED FOR MODULATION:
Sometimes,
beginners question the necessity of modulation i.e. using a carrier wave to the
low frequency signal from one place to another. Why not transmit the signal
directly and save lot of botheration? Unfortunately, there are four main
hurdles in the process of such direct transmission of radio frequency signals
I.
They have relatively short range.
II.
If
everybody started transmitting these low frequency signals directly, mutual
interference will render all of them ineffective.
III.
Size of
antenna required for their efficient radiation will be too large.
IV.
The strength of the signal will
drop as the distance increases which will require signal booster at the
receiving end for clear reception.
TYPES OF
MODULATION:
There are
three types of modulation, these includes;
I. AMPLITUDE MODULATION: Here, the information
or AF signal changes the amplitude of the carrier wave without changing its
frequency phase.
II. FREQUENCY MODULATION: In these case, the information signal changes
the frequency of the carrier wave without changing the amplitude or phase.
III. PHASE MODULATION: Here the information
signals changes the phase of the carrier wave without changing other two
parameters.
1.2. PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY:
The main
aim of this seminar is to construct an low cost FM booster that can be used to
amplify weak signal.
First, what is a Signal?
Conveying information by some means such as
gestures, sounds, actions, etc., can be termed as signaling. Hence, a signal
can be a source of energy which transmits some information. This signal helps
to establish communication between a sender and a receiver. An electrical
impulse or an electromagnetic wave which travels a distance to convey a message
can be termed as a signal in communication systems. Depending on their
characteristics, signals are mainly classified into two types: Analog and
Digital. Analog and Digital signals are further classified, as shown in the
following figure.
Analog Signal
A continuous time varying signal, which represents a time varying
quantity can be termed as an Analog Signal. This signal keeps on varying with
respect to time, according to the instantaneous values of the quantity, which
represents it.
The communication based on analog signals and analog values is called as
Analog Communication.
Digital Signal
A signal which is discrete in nature or which is non-continuous in form
can be termed as a Digital signal. This signal has individual values, denoted
separately, which are not based on the previous values, as if they are derived
at that particular instant of time.
These values can be considered individually and separately or
discretely, hence they are called as discrete values. The binary digits which
has only 1s and 0s are mostly termed as digital values. Hence, the signals
which represent 1s and 0s are also called as digital signals. The communication
based on digital signals and digital values is called as Digital Communication.
Everyday
of our work and in our free time, we come in contact with and used a variety of
modern communication system and communication media, the most common being the
telephone, radio, television and internet. Through these media, we are able to
communicate with people in different continent and transact our daily business
and received information about various development and events of note and that
occurs all around the world. The signals transmitted needs high fidelity for
proper transmission. Poor reception is often frustrating and leads to improper
communication or misinformation.
The main
purpose of any radio communication system is to transmit intelligence from one
point or place to another. Communication may be unidirectional as in the case
of sound and television broadcasting or it may be bidirectional with most radio
television system. At the transmitting of the system, the signal must modulate
a suitable carrier frequency spectrum and then be amplified to the necessary
transmitter power level. A good antenna and a signal booster circuit might
often be needed to strengthen the signal for perfect transmission.
1.3. STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM:
Frequency modulation
transmitter is one of the basic equipment required in telecommunication
laboratories.
Sometimes,
the transmitted signal might become weak as a result of distance between the
source transmitter and the destination. It can be extremely frustrating when
static or bad reception occurs. Very often, FM radios have poor reception
because either their antenna is an inadequate size for the station you are
trying to reach or something is obstructing the signal.
To
counteract these sources of static and poor reception, low cost FM booster can
be constructed. This simple antenna accessory can give access to a wider range
of radio stations, as well as improve the quality of their sound.
1.4
Objective of the Study:
An antenna
amplifier boosts a radio signal considerably for devices that receive radio
waves. Many devices have an RF amplifier stage in their circuitry that
amplifies the antenna signal. The received signal is usually very low in
amplitude and is not enough for the receiver circuitry.
The aims and objective of this study
is to analyze and design FM signal booster that can be used to listen to
programs from distant FM stations clearly.
1.5 Significance of the Study:
The project will be very useful in
the areas where signal reception is required. The cost of ready made booster is
low but it is even more cost effective to design a home made
FM booster.
Furthermore, it is a good practice to
experiment once technical proficiency, hence an improvement in technical
competence is accomplished to design an effective FM signal booster.
1.6
Scope of the Study:
To design FM signal booster which can clearly
eliminate the frustration of receiving poor signal from any source within the
operational frequency. This research can be used to any signal as long as it is
frequency modulated signal
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