ABSTRACT
Nutrient agars and potato Dextrose agar
were prepared and poured into petridishes and exposed to the air of
microbiology laboratory of Osun State Iree, for 10mins. Bacteria and fungi were
isolated and identified. The isolated bacteria were Beallus cereus, Staphylococcus
aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While the fungi
isolated were Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
TITLE
PAGE I
CERTIFICATION
II
APPROVAL
PAGE III
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGMENT V
TABLE
OF CONTENT VI
ABSTRACT
VII
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
– 2
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
– 7
2.1 PURPOSE OF STUDY 7
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 MATERIALS
AND METHODS 8
3.1 MATERIALS
USED 8
3.2 STERILIZATION
OF SAMPLES 8
3.3 COLLECTION
OF SAMPLES 8
3.4 PREPARATION
OF MEDIA 8
3.5 INOCULATION
OF MEDIA 9
3.6 SUB-CULTURING
OF MICROBIAL GROWTH 9
3.7 MAINTENANCE
OF PURE CULTURE 9
3.8 CHARACTERIZATION
OF FUNGAL ISOLATES 9
3.9. CHARACTERIZATION
OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES 9
– 10
3.9.0 GRAM
STAINING 10
3.9.1 SPORE
STAINING 10
3.9.2 COAGULASE
TEST 10
3.9.3 CATALASE
TEST 10
– 11
3.9.4 MOTILITY
TEST 11
3.9.5 IDENTIFICATION
OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES 11
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION 12
– 14
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION 15
– 16
REFERENCES 17
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Gases, dust particles, water vapour and air
contain microorganisms. There are vegetable cells and spores of bacteria, fungi
and algae, viruses and protozoa cysts. Since air is often exposed to sunlight,
it has a higher temperature and less moisture. So, if not protected from desiccation.
Most of these microbial forms will die. Air serves as transport or dispersal medium
for microorganism they occur in relatively small number in air when compared
with soil or water. The microflora of air can be studied under two headings outdoor
and indoor microflora.
Outdoor
Microflora: - The air
in the atmosphere, which is found outside the buildings, is referred to as
outside air. The dominant microflora of outside air are fungi. The two common genera
of fungi are cladosporiul and sporobolomyces, besides this two
general, under general found in air are Aspergillus,
Alternaria, Phytophthora and Erysiphe.
The outdoor air also contains besidispores,
ascopres of yeast, fragments of mycelium
and canidia of molds. Among the bacterial
genera Bacillus and clostridium, sarcina, mirococcus, corynebacterium and Achromobacter are widely found in the outside air, the number and
kind of microorganism may very from place to place, depending upon the human population
densities.
Indoor
Microflora: - The air
found inside the building is referred to as indoor air. The commonest genera of
fungi in indoor air are penicillium, Aspergillus,
the Commonest genera of bacteria found in indoor air are Staphylococci, Bacillus
and Clostridium. In case of occupants
being infected, the composition shows slight variations with latitude and to a
lesser extent with attitude. The ozone owes its existence in the atmosphere to
photosynthesis from oxygen under the influence of solar ultraviolet radiations.
(Dr. Shiva, 2009).
There is no microbes are native to the atmosphere
rather they represent allochthonous populations transperted from aquatic and
terrestrial habits into the atmosphere. Microbe of air within 300 – 1,000 or
more feet of the Earth’s surface are the organisms of soil that have become
attached to fragments of dried leaves, strain or dust particles, being blown
away by the wind. Species vary greatly in their sensitivity to a given value of
relative humidity, temperature and radiation exposure.
More microbes are found in air over land
masses than far at sea. Spores of fungi especially Alterneria, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus are more numberous than other forms over sea within
about 400 miles of land in both polar and tropical air masses at all altitudes
up to about 10,000 feet.
Microbes found in air over populated
land areas below altitude of 500 feet in clear weather include spores of Becillus and Clostridium ascos-pores of yeasts, fragments of mycelium and spores of molds and streptomycetaceae, pollen pootozoan cysts, algae, micrococcus, corynebacterium etc.
In the dust and air of schools and
hospital wards or the rooms of persons suffering from infectious disease, microbe
such as tubercle bacilli, streptococci, pneumococci and staphylocci have been demonstrated. These respiratory bacteria are dispersed
in air in the droplets of saliva and mucus produced by coughing, sneezing, talking
and laughing.
Viruses of respiratory tract and some enteric
are also transmitted from the objects contaminated with infectious secretions
that after drying become infectiou dust. Droplet are usually formed by sneezing,
coughing and talking. Each droplet consists of saliva and mucus and each may contain
thousands of microbes. It has been estimated that the number of bacteria in a
single sneeze may be between 10,000 and 100,000. Small droplets in a warm dry atmosphere
are dry before they reach the floor and thus quickly become droplet nuclei.
Many plant pathogens are also
transported from one field to another through air and the spread of many fungal
diseases of plants can be predicted by measuring the concentration of airborne fungal
spores. Human bacterial pathogen which cause important airborne disease such as
diphtheria, meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and whcoping cough are described
in the chapter “Bacterial Disease man”
Air does not have an indigenous and
flora, though a number of micro-organism are present in the air. Air is not a natural
environment for microorganisms as it doesn’t contain enough moisture and
nutrients to support their growth and reproduction. Quite a number of sources
have been studied in this connection and almost all of them have been found to
be responsible for the air microflora. One of the most common sources of air
microflora is the soil. Soil microorganisms when distributed by the wind blow
librated into the air and remain suspended therefore along period of time. Man
made actions like digging or ploughing the soil may be release soil born microbes
into the air. Similarly microorganisms found in water may also be released into
the air in the form of water droplets or aerosols, splashing of water by wind
action a tidal action may also produce droplets or aerosols?
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