BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR WITHIN UNDERGRADUATE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY, COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES, MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE

ABSTRACT

Bacteriological analysis of Air within Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike was studied. This research was carried out in the undergraduate microbiology laboratory of College of Natural Sciences, MOUAU. A grand total of 54 samples were collected using settle plate method. All materials used for this analysis was sterilized using an autoclave. Glass wares were washed with detergent before autoclaving. The work bench was sterilized with cotton wool dipped in 70% alcohol. Concentration of airborne bacteria was done to quantify the bacterial isolates, using Omeliansky’s formula, (N=5a X 104÷bt) The study isolated 74 bacterial organisms comprising four (4) different genera, namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus spp. These isolates are commonly found bio aerosols and pathogens in the air. Bacillus spp (48.6%) was the most isolated followed by Staphylococcus aureus (24.32%), Micrococcus spp (16.21%) and Escherichia coli (10.81%). Higher bacterial loads were observed in the afternoon at the prime of daily laboratory activities. The aim of this research is to isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms contaminating undergraduate microbiology laboratory in College of Natural Sciences, Mich 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE                 PAGE

Cover page i

Title Page ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgment v

Table of contents vi

List of tables viii

List of Figures

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 General objective/ aim 2

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Indoor air quality 5

2.2 Effects of bacterial and fungal contaminations 6

2.3 Management of bacterial and fungal contaminants 7

2.4 Types of contaminants 8

2.4.1 Particles of specific interest 9

2.4.2 Vapor and gases of particular interest 9

2.5 Indoor biological contamination 9

2.5.1 Temperature 10

2.5.2 Humidity 10

2.5.3 Ventilation 10

2.6 Nature of bio-aerosols 10

2.7 Sick building syndrome (SBS) 11

2.8 Building related illnesses (BRI) 11

2.9 Bacteria 12

CHAPTER THREE

Materials And Methods

3.1 Study area 15

3.2 Collection of sample 15

3.3 Sterilization of materials and media 15

3.3.1 Nutrient Agar 15

3.3.2 MacConkey Agar 16

3.3.3 Mannitol salt agar 16

3.4 Isolation of bacteria 17

3.5 characterization and identification of bacteria 17

3.5.1 Gram Stain 17

3.5.2 Biochemical Tests 18

3.5.2.1 Catalase Test 18

3.5.2.2 Oxidase Test 18

3.5.2.3 Indole Test 19

3.5.2.4 Coagulase Test                         19

3.5.2.5 Triple Sugar Iron 19

3.5.2.6 Citrate Test 20

3.5.2.7 Methyl Red 20

3.6 concentration of airborne bacteria             20

CHAPTER 4

RESULT 21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Discussion 28

5.2 Conclusion 29

5.3 Recommendations 29

REFRENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

Table 4.1: No of times sampled 22

Table 4.2: Cultural characteristics of isolates 23

Table 4.3: Identification of isolates 24

Table 4.4: Bacteria isolated from areas in the lab 25

Table 4.5: Frequency of occurrence of isolates 26

Table 4.6: Concentration of airborne bacteria within undergraduate microbiology

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN INDOR ENVIRONMENT    14

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTON

Air, an invisible gas made up of a mixture of mainly nitrogen and oxygen is one of the fundamental basics of life for humans, animals and plants. The quality of the air we breathe is therefore essential for our health. It is becoming increasingly important to keep it clean for the future. Environmental air does contain a complex mixture of toxics, including particulate matter (pm), irritant gases, and benzene (Prof.Dr. Abdelraouf A. E.,2014). Air is a carrier of particulate matter, dust and droplets which remain generally laden with microorganism but not a natural medium for microorganisms. Air transports the microorganisms and the ultimate fate of such microorganisms depends on factors such as sunlight, temperature, humidity, size of microorganism, laden particulate degree of susceptibility or resistance of a particular microorganism to form resistant spores or cyst (Pelczar MJECS, Kriey NR (1993). Indoor air quality is one of the most important factors that influence our general life quality. We breathe 10 m³ air every day, and we spend 80–95% of our lives indoors. Indoor air pollution can result in health problems and even an increase in human mortality (Cabral J., 2010). Indoor environments contain a complex mixture of live and dead microorganisms, fragments, toxins, allergens, volatile microbial organic compounds and other chemicals (WHO, 2007).

 The microorganisms and their by-products can result in respiratory disorders and other adverse health effects such as infections, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and toxic reactions.

Therefore there has been a growing interest in indoor microbe studies within laboratories in recent years (M. Stryjakowska-Sekulska et al., 2008). Biological contamination of indoor air is mostly caused by bacteria, molds and yeast. They can be dangerous as pathogenic living cells but they can also secrete some substances harmful for health. There are different kinds of toxic metabolic products, for example mycotoxins. High concentration of microorganisms in the air can be allergenic; however, sometimes even very low concentrations of some particular microorganisms can cause serious diseases.

A number of factors can affect the indoor air quality of a laboratory including, the physical layout of the building, the building’s heating, ventilation and air condition. In addition, the outdoor climate, the people working at the laboratory and contaminants inside and outdoor the laboratory, as well as the condition of chemicals, specimen, instrument and equipment within the lab are considered as influential factors (Fisk J., 2000)

Microbial pollution involves hundreds of species of virus bacteria and fungi that grow indoors when sufficient moisture is available. The presence of many biological agents in the in                                                                FCdoor environment is due to dampness and inadequate ventilation. Excess moisture may result in increased chemical emissions from building materials and floor covers (WHO, 2014). This study aims at identifying bacteria contaminating undergraduate laboratory in COLNAS, MOUAU.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

 The aim of this study is to evaluate bacteria contaminating air within undergraduate laboratory in College Of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

The objectives are:

· To isolate microorganisms contaminating Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory in College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike

· To identify  microorganisms contaminating Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory in College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike

· To characterize microorganisms contaminating Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory in College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

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