TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BIOLOGY OF
CAT FISH
Natural Distribution
Description
Habitat
Natural Spawning
Rearing of African catfish
2.2 CULTURE POTENTIALS
OF THE AFRICAN CATFISH
2.3 FEED AND
EFFECT ON FISH GROWTH
2.4 FEEDING RATE OR FREQUENCY ON CATFISH
GROWTH
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.0 STUDY AREA
3.1 PREPARATION
OF AQUARIA
3.2 PROCUREMENT
OF EXPERIMENTAL FISH
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
3.4 STOCKING THE AQUARIA
3.5 FEEDING THE
STOCKED FISH
3.6 AQUARIA
MAINTENANCE
3.7 MEASUREMENT
ON FISH AND CULTURE WATER
Fish Measurement
Culture Water Measurement
3.8 CULTURE WATER MANAGEMENT
3.9 INDICES OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE
DETERMINATION
3.10. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 WATER
QUALITY
4.2 GROWTH
PERFORMANCE
4.2.1 Mean
Length Increase (cm)
4.2.2 Growth Rate (%)
4.2.3 Specific Growth Rate (%day-1)
4.2.4 Mean Growth Rate and Survival Rate
4.2.5 Condition Factor
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms including fish,
mulluscs, crustacean and aquatic plant is necessary to meet the protein need of
Nigerians. Overtime, there has been increase in fish production in Nigeria.
Despite this increase in fish production, the desired result has not been
attained. Quantitatively, details of fish production as at 2005 stood at
490,600 tons (FAO, 2003) from the artisan fishery, 56,300 tons from industry
fishery through the use of trawlers, while fish importation stood at 61,150
tons. In meeting up with the growing need for fish production, aquaculture
practice has been identified as a possible alternative, the reasons being that
the activities of artisans and industrial fishery in our natural waters have
led to over exploitation and degradation due to human activities in our coastal
water. To fully bring aquaculture to its desired level, four production
challenges have been identified. These are the challenges of feeding the fish
stock in the pond, management of pond water supply, fish seeds provision and
pond construction/establishment. The first two challenges: fish feeding and
water quality management affect each other. The level of feeding of the stocks
affects the water quality and the level of water quality affect the feeding
performance of fish in the pond (George, 2001).
Fish like other animals need food to be able to carry out
their metabolic activities. In aquaculture, fish feeding is either supplemental
or complete (total supply). Supplemental feeding is when feeds are given to the
animal at a minimal level to add to the natural food available for the fish in
the pond water. These natural foods are in the form of phytoplankton and
zooplanktons. The complete feeding is when the source of food fed to the fish
is solely supplied by the farmer. In whichever case, the type of feeding
practiced depends on the nature of the pond and the type of production the
farmer is involved with (Michael, 1987; Michael et al., 2005).
The most popular cultured fish in Nigeria is the Catfish. It
is naturally carnivorous, a bottom pond dweller, nocturnally very active and
belongs to the family of Claridae (Willian, 1967; Idoho-Umeh, 2003). However,
with the fish domestication, its modes of feeding and activities have been
destabilized and modified. To this end, the feeding regime has become diverse
but the thumb rule of feeding stock at optimum level should be very economical
so as to have savings in feed cost and the overall economic justification.
Webster et al., (1992) reported that
catfish can be fed once or twice daily and rainbow trout at three times a day.
In whichever case, the type of feeding practiced depends on the nature of the
pond and the type of production; climatic condition and economic status of the
farmer dictate the feeding requirement.
Various studies have been done in fish feeding (Collins and
Delmendo, 1979; Sena and Brain, 1992) but much is still to be done in the area
of the best time of the day and frequency to feed catfish so as to have good
growth performance that will justify the high cost of feeding provided by the
farmer. Determining the best frequency of feeding the catfish is therefore
expected to help to maximize performance, discourage waste, and ensure the
success of the enterprise. This will help to discourage the deterioration of
water quality which may arise from the decomposition of feeds fed to the fish
due to feeding at inappropriate time and frequency. This in turn is expected to
help to minimize fish mortality due to pond water quality deterioration. The
Overall production of the stock will also be enhanced (Norm, 2000). Hence, the
need to study the growth performance of Clarias
gariepinus fed at a frequency of once and twice daily for an enhanced yield
derived from better and faster growth for production of the catfish.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to feed Clarias gariepinus at different frequencies of once and twice daily
with the following specific objective:
·
to determine which of the feeding frequencies is more
economical in the rearing of Clarias gariepinus.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
This study is useful to fish farmers as it is expected to
create awareness on the appropriate feeding frequency that can yield better
growth in Clarias gariepinus culture.
It is also expected to enable aqua culturists to be aware of the best economical
method that yields better growth in different feeding frequencies within a
short production period. Finally, the results are expected to be useful to
commercial fish farmers in making managerial decisions in the production of Clarias gariepinus.
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