ABSTRACT
Protein is most expensive part of fish feed and major part of fish food item is fish meal. High cost of fish meal is a major driving force increasing cost of fish production. Consequently there is a need to reduce fish meal content of the feed, plant proteins are plausible alternative and contains ANF and some are low in protein content. Solid Fermentation reduce the ANF and increase protein content of the meal. We made six diets labelled as feed 1 (F1) to feed 6 (F6). The feeds varied in composition of fishmeal (FM) with Solidstate fermented tigernut meal (SFTM), as: F1, 10:25, F2, 15:20, F3, 20:15, F4, 25:10 with two control diets F5 (0% FM: 35%SFTM) and F6 (35% FM: 0% SFTM). The diets were fed to Clarias gariepinus distributed into three replicate aquaria at 10s fish per aquarium. Feed 2 (F2) had the best specific growth rate (SGR, 2.44±0.17% day-1), final weight (91.07±2.41), protein efficiency ratio (0.44±0.01), and weight gain(86.06±2.41) while F4 was the least with the lowest value, final weight (43.90±11.44), daily feed intake (1.40±0.47), specific growth rate (1.18±0.50), protein efficiency ratio (0.22±0.06) and weight gain (38.9±11.4). F4 had the highest value in food conversion ratio (2.42±1.46), protein conversion ratio (0.97±0.59) while F2 was least in food conversion ratio (1.22±0.08), and protein conversion ratio (0.5±0.03). F2 is generally accepted because the inclusion has no negative effect on the growh performances, gonads and gut histology of the fish.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgments v
Table of contents vi
List of tables viii
List of plates ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 3
1.3 Justification 3
1. 4 Aim and Objectives of the Study 3
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Benefits of Fishmeal Incorporated Into Fish Diet 7
2.2 Economic and Environmental Consideration of Fishmeal
Utilization 8
2.3 Fermentation 10
2.4 Diets and Mode
of Feeding. 12
2.5 The Culture System 12
2.6 Feed and Feeding 13
2.7 Use of Solid State Fermented
Bambaranut Meal as Substitute of Fishmeal in the Diets of African Catfish Clarias
gariepinus 14
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Study Area 17
3.2 Experimental Procedure 17
3.2.1 Procurement fish 17
3.2.2
Source and processing of the ingredient 17
3.2.3 Growth measurement 17
3.2. 4 Growth parameters 18
3.3 Proximate Analysis of Feed 18
3.3.1 Moisture content 19
3.3.2 Determination of total ash 19
3.3.3 Determination of crude fat 19
3.3.4
Determination of crude fiber 20
3.3.5 Determination of crude protein 21
3.3.6 Nitrogen free extract 21
3.4 Feed Formulation 22
3.4.1 Solid State fermentation of tigernut meal 22
3.5 Experimental Design 23
3.6
Feeding And Catfish Culture Management 24
3.7 Histological Analysis 24
CHAPTER 4. RESULT AND
DISCUSION
4.1 Results 25
4.2 Discussion 34
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 36
5.2 Recommendation 37
References
LIST OF TABLES
1. Top fishmeal producing countries. 10
2. Experimental
Feed Composition of Feed That Will Be Used in Feeding H. longifilis
That Will Be Fed with Feeds Varying
Levels of Dietary Lipids and
Proximate Analysis of the Fish Fed
With the Experimental Feed 23
3. Effects of Solid
State Fermented Tigernut on the Growth of African Catfish 31
LIST OF PLATES
1. T1RI 25
2. T1R2 25
3. T1R3 25
4. T2R1 25
5. T2R2 25
6. T2R3 25
7. T3R1 25
8. T3R2 26
9. T3R3 26
10. T4R1 26
11. T4R2 26
12. T4R3 26
13. T5R1 27
14. T5R2 27
15. T5R3 27
16. T6R1 27
17. T6R2 27
18. T6R3 27
19. T1 29
20. T2 29
21. T3 29
22. T4 29
23. T5 29
24. T6 29
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The aquaculture industry has been globally recognized as
the fastest growing food production industry (David 2009) because it contributes more than 19 million metric tons
of fish and shellfish yearly to the world’s fish (Agbabiaka, 2012). Catfish was identified
as a more
suitable specie for
rearing in tropical
Africa. Catfish is recorded
to have very
rapid growth, strong
resistance to stress and feasible reproduction
in captivity, though
by artificial methods
(Ceks and Yilmaz, 2007).
The
generally accepted feed ingredients for fish are mainly from plant and animal
products especially by-products of processing plants. These products are also
used as human food (Enyidi and Mgbenka, 2014). Dietary protein content is the
most important factor affecting. Improper dietary protein and energy levels in
their rations will lead to lower fish performance, an increase in production
cost and deterioration in water quality resulting from wasted feed (Lovell,
1989). It is not just
enough to contain
protein but the
nutritional value of
the protein must
be high in
terms of its amino
acid composition and
digestibility. Individual animals have different requirements for
specific amino acids. In other
words, a food
substance may have high
level of protein
but may not
be suitable for
the animal in
question because of
inadequate amounts and availability
of some amino
acids in their
protein. Food protein
sources are simply vehicles for
providing amino acids
in the diet.
(Li et al., 2008). Fish meal
is preferably used
in many animal
and aquaculture diets because
of the good
amino acid profile
in the protein
which has rarely
any close substitute
in plant sources. Madsen, 2008
reported that, the last few
years the price
of fishmeal has
more than doubled,
thereby initiating research interests for alternatives to
fishmeal. In an attempt to solving this problem
of high feed cost, a lot of research efforts have been geared into alternative
novel ingredients in formulating practical diets for farmed fish (Eyo 1994,
Fagbenro and Adeparusi 2003, Agbabiaka et
al., 2012).
Tiger
nut “Cyperus esculentus lativum” is a
tuber that consumed widely in Nigeria and freely grown and it is also found in other parts of west Africa, east Africa, parts
of Europe particularly Spain as well as in the Arabian Peninsula (Abaejoh, et al., 2006). Tiger nuts have long been
recognized for their health benefits, as they are high in fibre, proteins, and
natural sugars while its lipid content (about 25%) is resistant to peroxidation,
tiger nut is not actually a nut, but a small tuber that has been cultivated for
centuries in some parts of Africa with favourable climate. Cyperus esculentus
is a non-conventional feedstuff that is cultivated primarily for its oil that
is rich in omega 3 fatty acid, highly unsaturated and the vegetable milk. C. esculentus is relatively cheap
compared with maize and the crude protein content ranged between 7% and 9.2%
depending on the variety (Oladele et al.,
2009)Tiger nut like other plants has been documented to contain some
phytotoxins such as alkaloids, trypsin inhibitors, tannins, phytase and
saponins that are deleterious when fed in high dosage to mono gastric (David
2009). However, some of these toxins can be curtailed through processing such
as fermentation (submerged or solidstate fermentation), toasting among others. Tiger
nut can be fermented and processed as beverages, eaten raw and also has a
medicinal quality of preventing colon cancer, heart failure and diabetes (FAO
2000). It is known in Nigeria as “Aya” in Hausa,”Ofio” in Yoruba and “Akiausa”
in Igbo where these varieties (black, brown and yellow) are cultivated (Umerie,
et al., 1997). Among these, the
yellow variety is preferred over others because of its inherent properties such
as large size, attractive colour and fleshier nature. (Okafor, et al., 2003). In recent years, Proximate analysis of tiger nut
qualifies it as a good fish feed ingredient being rich in energy, protein and
lipid according to research, but its’ use in aquaculture as an ingredient for
fish meal has not been extensively reported.
According to Enyidi, et al., (2017) and Hardy (2010), who reported that the supply of
fish meal is erratic and limited in Nigeria as imported product. There is need
then to study
the effect of
the different levels
of substitution of
fishmeal with plant protein nutrient sources on
productivity in terms
of growth performance and
histology of African catfish.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Poor
quality feeding leads to stunted somatic growth and poor gonads of the fish.
This is usually the case when the farmer reduce the quantity of fish meal in
favour of local feed ingredient that are lacking in essential amino acids and
fatty acids. Consequently, it takes longer time for fish to mature due to poor
gonads and gut histology as a result of poor feeding. Utilization of this fish
in breeding will also lead to poor hatching success and low survival ability.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Growth
performances, gonads and gut histology of the fish are based on quality feed.
Fishmeal is most expensive proportion of fish feed and the high cost of
fishmeal has led to its’ reduction in the inclusion level in aqua feed. This
reduction affects the growth performance, gonad and gut histology of the fish.
So there is need to source for plant ingredient that could serve as promoter of
both growth performance, gonad and gut histology of Clarias gariepinus.
1. 4 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1) To determine the effects of different
inclusion levels of solid state fermented tiger nut meal as a substitute for fish
meal on its gonadal development.
2.
To determine the effects of different inclusion levels of solid state fermented
tiger nut meal as a substitute for fish meal on its growth performance.
3) To
determine the effect of different levels of fishmeal with solid state fermented
tiger nut meal on the intestinal development of Clarias gariepinus.
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