TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Statement
of the problem
1.2
Aim and
objectives of study
1.3
Justification
of study
1.4 Scope and Method
1.5
Study
Location and Accessibility
1.6
Physiographic
setting
1.6.1 Climate and vegetation
1.6.2 Relief and topography
1.6.3 Drainage pattern
1.7 Review of Related Previous Works.
CHAPTER TWO
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
2.1 Regional
Geology
2.1.1 The Migmatite-Gneiss Complex
2.1.2 The Schist Belts
(Metasedimentary and Metavolcanic Rocks)
2.1.3 Older Granite (Pan African
Granitoids)
2.1.4 Undeformed Acid and Basic
Dykes
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Field Activities
3.2 Laboratory Studies
3.2.1 Thin Section Preparation for Petrographic
Analysis
3.2.2 Sample Preparation
3.2.3 Sample Preparation for Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
for
3.2.4 Analytical Methods
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Local geology
4.2 Petrographic Studies
4.3 Trace
element composition of Gbaleosu granite
4.4
Rare Earth Element Result
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement
of the problem
Granite is a common type of
felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their
mineralogy. The word "granite" comes from the Latin granum, a grain,
in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock. Strictly
speaking, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz and up to 60%
alkali feldspar by volume. The term "granitic" means granite-like and
is applied to granite and a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar
textures and slight variations in composition and origin. These rocks mainly
consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibole minerals, which form an
interlocking, somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with
scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole (often hornblende) peppering the
lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals (phenocrysts) are
larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic.
A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as granite porphyry. Granite
differs from granodiorite in that at least 35% of the feldspar in granite is
alkali feldspar as opposed to plagioclase; it is the potassium feldspar that
gives many types of granite a distinctive pink color. The extrusive igneous
rock is equivalent to granite rhyolite. Granite is classified according to the
QAPF for coarse grained plutonic and named according to the percentage of
quartz (Harvey Blatt & Robert J. Tracy 1997).Granite is nearly always
massive (lacking any internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has
gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a
construction stone.
The study area lies within the Western region of Nigeria. Nigeria can
broadly be subdivided into three major geological components and these are: the
Basement, Granites and Sedimentary Basins (Obaje, 2009). The basement
(Precambrian in age) is further subdivided into five regions on the basis of
the occurrence of sedimentary basins. These are the Western Nigerian Basement,
North Central Nigerian Basement, Adamawa Highland, Eastern Nigerian Basement
and the Oban Massif. As discussed by Obiora et al (2009) and references cited
within, the basement consists of “migmatitic gneisses, including banded
varieties; the schist belts constituted by mica-schists, tremolite-schists,
graphite-schists, with occasional marbles and dolomites, calc-silicate rocks,
meta-conglomerates and banded iron formation (BIF) and Precambrian granites
including porphyritic/porphyroblastic muscovite granites, biotite granites,
hornblende-biotite granites, non-porphyritic/non-porphyroblastic granites,
aplites, granodiorites, diorites, quartz diorites, syenites, quartz-enstatite
granites and enstatite granites (charnockites).”
Two generations of granites can be identified and these are prominent
within the basement rocks. The older granites as termed by Falconer (1911)
range widely in composition and age from 750 Ma to 450 Ma (Obaje, 2009). The
younger granites (Jurassic in age) are prominently distributed in the North
Central Nigerian Basement and occur as ring complexes which form part of a
wider province of alkaline anorogenic magmatism (Obaje., 2009). Broadly speaking, the sedimentary basins can
be stratigraphically divided into formations, the older Cretaceous sedimentary
basins of which the Benue Trough, Bida-, and Sokoto Basins are the most
prominent. The youngest sequence is the Tertiary Sedimentary Basins of which
the Chad Basin is the most prominent as well as the sedimentary sequences of
the Niger Delta. The geology of the area of interest in this present study
falls within the Western Nigerian Basement of which the basement rocks cover
almost 100% of the total land surface in this state (Oyedokun and Igonor,
2013). The study presents the results of the characterisation of granite samples
obtained from a deposit site in Gbaleosu, South Western Nigeria and focused on
the geology, major elements and composition of granite.
1.2 Aim
and objectives of study
The main aim of
this study is to undertake the trace elements study of granite from Gbaleosu.
Other objectives of this study include:
·
To produce an accurate geological map of the
area.
·
To identify the different rock lithologies
present in the study area.
·
To understand and establish the geologic history
of the area.
·
To analyze structural data acquired and their
relevance to the current geology of the study area.
·
To generally analyze the economic value of the
rock lithology found in the area
·
To examine and report all structural features
1.3 Justification
of study
A lot of studies
have been undertaken in this area, but this study specifically aims to
investigate the trace elements composed of granite from Gbaleosu the study
area.
1.4 Scope
and Method
This study is restricted to the relationship between
geology and trace elements studies of granite at Gbaleosu south western
Nigerian. Geological field mapping was undertaken in order to collect, identify
and study the field occurrences of granite in Gbaleosu, the method use are the
thin section preparation for petrographic analysis and sample preparation for
geochemical analysis. 10 fresh rock samples which were cut into thin section
will then be move further for the laboratory studies.
1.5 Study
Location and Accessibility
The study area,
Gbaleosu is in Oluyole local government of south western Nigeria Oyo state,
Gbaleosu is situated southeast of Ibadan in South western Nigeria which is part
of the Precambrian basement complex of Nigeria, it’s bounded by latitudes
7.76’00N to 7.93’00N while the longitudes 3.54’00E to 4.00’00E within Ibadan
(fig 1.1). The area is bounded by Lagunji at the Western part while Akintola
ogibun is at the North eastern part. Motor cycle is the major means of
transportation in Gbaleosu Community. There are minor road linking Gbaleosu
with some other neighboring villages. In general the study area is easily
accessible through a network of minor, major and footpath.
Figure1.1:
Map of south western Nigerian showing the location of study area
1.6 Physiographic setting
Physiographic
setting is the study of the features of the area which occur by certain effect
of geographical factors such as drainage pattern, climate and vegetation,
relief and topography.
1.6.1 Climate
and vegetation
The study area
falls within the tropical humid climate region where the wet and dry seasons
are noticed prominently in the area. Just like any other part of the south
western region of Nigeria, wet season Gbaleosu runs from march through October
while dry season is between November and February. The mean maximum temperature
observed is 21.42°C to 26.46°C while the annual rainfall ranged from 150
to 2500mm. Generally the vegetation of major part of southwestern Nigerian
represents that of the humid forest. The vegetation of the area is similar to
that of tropical rain forest where they are high tree and shrub (fig 1.2), the
vegetation is characterized by the presence of thick tropical greenish forest
made up of different trees and grasses e.g. pawpaw, palm tree, etc.
Fig. 1.2 Showing Ecological Map of Nigeria (CIA, 1979)
1.6.2 Relief
and topography
The relief and
topography of the study area is randomly an undulating feature. The eastern
part of the study area has higher elevation; the upper part of the study area
has elevation between 100-120m feet's (above the mean sea level).
1.6.3 Drainage pattern
The drainage
system in the area is usually marked with a proliferation of many smaller
streams which are wet for some few months, especially from march to October.
There is a Major River in the study area called river Omi which flow from north
to the southern part of the area.
1.7 Review of
Related Previous Works.
Nigeria lies approximately between longitude 40N and 150N and latitude
30E and 140E. Within the pan African
mobile belt in between the west African
craton in the region of late Precambrian to
early Paleozoic orogenesis. The basement complex is made up of
Precambrian rocks and consists of schist belts folded in them. Previous works
have been carried out on a regional scale on the basement complex of Nigeria
and it has been shown that this is the most abundant lithology in Nigeria such
work includes, Rahaman (1988), Odeyemi (1977) and Oyawoye (1964), Grant (1978),
Anifowose (2006), oyinloye (2011) among others. They gave an account of the
geology of this area under a broader work.
Ejimofor et al., (1996) worked on the petrography and major element
geochemistry of the basement rocks of northern Obudu area, eastern Nigeria. It
was shown mineralogically that, the preference of igneous fields by the granite
gneisses suggest their affinity for igneous progenitors. Elueze et al., (2004)
determined the petrochemistry and petrogenesis of granite from Abeokuta area,
southwestern Nigeria.
The geology of the basement complex
of southwestern Nigeria Oyawoye (1964), Rahaman (19176), Odeyemi (1977) noted
that the rocks in the study area show eveidence of polyphase deformation with
the plutonic episode of the pan African event being the most pervasive
Undeformed Acid and Basic Dykes or The minor felsic and mafic intrusives.
One
of the most famous publications on the pegmatitic veins in Nigeria is that of
Jacobs and Webb (1946) which identified that the pegmatites are confined to a
400km NE-SE trending belt. Recently however, Okunlola and Somorin
(2006), Okunlola, (2005), Garba (2003),
Okunlola and King (2003), have shown evidence that they may not be restricted
to only this confine. Geochronological data from previous works (Rb – Sr
whole-rock and U-Pb zircon) of Pan-African granitoids intruding the reactivated
Archean to Lower Proterozoic crust of central and southwestern Nigeria show
that intrusive magmatic activity in these areas lasted from at least 630 to 530
Ma (van Breemen et al., 1977; Rahaman et al., 1983; Dada et al.,
1987; Matheis and Caen-Vachette, 1983; Umeji and Caen-Vachette, 1984; Akande
and Reynolds, 1990). Results of the rock ages also show that pegmatites’
emplacement in the southwestern Nigeria occurred mainly after the peak of the
Pan-African orogenic event in this area. Several others have carried out
extensive research on geochemical and petrochemical analysis on pegmatites from
southwestern Nigeria. Akintola et al (2011) examined pegmatite around Awo and
concluded that the pegmatite contains accessory minerals such as tourmaline,
garnet, beryl and spodumene together with some rare metals. Okunlola (2005),
while studying the rare metal Ta-Nb pegmatites of Nigeria outlined seven (7)
broad fields namely Kabba-Isanlu, Ijero-Aramoko, Keffi-Nasarawa, Lema- Ndeji,
Oke Ogun, Ibadan- Oshogbo and Kushaka-Birnin Gwari. The Olode-Gbayo pegmatites
occurrences are presumed to be members of the Ibadan-Oshogbo field occurrences.
Elueze et. al. (2004) embarked on a preliminary investigation of the industrial
properties of the Olode-Falansa pegmatites in southwestern Nigeria and they
concluded that the pegmatites have good potential for use in refractory, glass,
ceramic and construction industries. Okunlola and Jimba (2006) carried out
petrographic and geochemical evaluation of pegmatite bodies around Aramoko, Ara
and Ijero area and concluded that majority of the samples are subclass and
magmatic pegmatite while some pegmatite may have undergone mild post-magmatic
alteration distinct petrologic units especially those outcropping around Ijero
area.
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