ABSTRACT

Prevalence of typhoid fever among people from 0-41 and above years was carried out within Dutse General Hospital, Dutse Jigawa State. The typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to salmonella typoid that causes symptoms. The method used in diagnosis of disease is by widal test, data was obtained during the period of my research survey. The method used in diagnosis of the disease is by widal test, data was collected from the recorded department of the outgoing result of widal cases in the microbiology section of the hospital taking into consideration, the total population of infected by age and sex of the patients, it has been shown that the highest percentage of the infection is (57%), (43%) are non-infected. Out of the (200) reported cases; the male were more infected than the female with 63 (50.8%) while female has 51 (67.1%) and also people that start from 31-40 years are more infection about (87.3) over the others due to some reason such as environmental factor unrinating in poor place or toilet, eating and drinking contaminnated food and water, incidence typhoid can be reduce though improve sanitation and hygienic.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Declaration --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i

Certification -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii

Approval Page ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii

Acknowledgement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------iv

Dedication --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v

Table of Contents -----------------------------------------------------------------------------vi

Abstract -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.1      Aim and Objectives -----------------------------------------------------------------------2

1.2      Significance of the Research ----------------------------------------------------------2

1.3      Statement of the Research Problem ------------------------------------------------3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            Literature Review -----------------------------------------------------------------------4

2.1      Life Cycle of the Typhoid ---------------------------------------------------------------4

2.2      Sign and Symptoms ---------------------------------------------------------------------5

2.3      Incidence of the typhoid Infection ---------------------------------------------------5

2.4      Prevalence of the Infection ------------------------------------------------------------5

2.5      Diagnosis of the Infection ------------------------------------------------------------6

2.6      Treatment --------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

2.7      Prevention and Control ----------------------------------------------------------------6

2.8      Complication -----------------------------------------------------------------------------7

2.9      Prognosis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Methodology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------8

3.1      Study Area -------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

3.2      Sample Collection -----------------------------------------------------------------------8

3.3      Sample Size ------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

3.4      Sampling Techniques ------------------------------------------------------------------8

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      Result and Discussion -----------------------------------------------------------------9

4.1      Result -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

4.3      Discussion -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation -----------------------------------13

5.1      Summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

5.2      Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

5.3      Recommendation ---------------------------------------------------------------------14

            Reference -------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0.    INTRODUCTION

Typhoid fever: is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness that bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area (Bhutta, et al, 2013)

The incident of typhoid fever in the United State has markedly decreased since the early 1900s, when tens of thousands of cases where reported in the U.S. today less than 400 cases where reported annually in the United State, mostly in people who have recently traveled to Mexico and South America this improvement is the result of better environmental sanitation. India, Pakistan and Egypt are also known as high-risk areas for developing this disease. Worldwide, typhoid fever affects more than 21 million people annually with about 200,000 people dying from the disease.

The global burden of disease estimates for typhoid were based on a total of 22 community-based incidence studies with 19 from continents other than Africa and only three from African on the basis of these data and a prediction Tule based on climatic and socioeconomic features, continental of disease burden were derived (Jackson, 2015).

These estimate suggested a moderate incidence of typhoid of 10-100 cases 100,000 person years in most African countries, with the incidence highest in childhood.

Fever is a common cause for consultation in most healthcare facilities in the tropics and subtropics, with infections accounting for most causes od fever. In the tropics, malaria and typhoid fever are among the common infectious diseases, with being endemic in Nigeria.

Typhoid fever is a life-threating systemic infection caused by the bacteria typhi a gram-negative, motile, aerobic, nonspring, intracellular Bacilus. It is a global public health problem with an estimated 216 million new cases of typhoid fever and 216,500 death recorded globally in 2000. This is especially worse in the developing nations of the world where it is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality.

Typhoid fever is spread by the faeco-oral route and commonly presents with nonspecific clinical features such as fever, headache, rigors, joint pain, nausea, vomiting constipation and diarrhea which are indistinguishable from other causes of fever such as malaria (Caraballo, 2014)

          1.1.         AIM AND OBJECTIVVES

          1.1.1.  AIM

To determine the occurrence and predisposing factors of typhoid fever among people attending Dutse General Hospital, Dutse Jigawa State.

1.1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

·        To determine the people treatment practices in cases of episode of typhoid fever.

·        To asses the endemic of the typhoid fever.

·        To determine the predisposing factor of the typhoid fever.

·        To determine the occurrence of the typhoid fever.

1.2.    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

At the end of the research the finding will as a basulire defat to know the current status of the infection and predisposing factor among prop lance living in the study area.

1.3.    STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

In Africa where the mortality burden from typhoid fever is greatest, the majority of people die before the reach health facilities factors such as distance from home, poverty the demands of domestic life perceived low quality of services, drug stock outs, attitude of health workers has led to the by-passing of public healthcare facilities in fever of healthcare from private or informal sector with inadequate or poor quality of drugs.