ABSTRACT
Studies were carried out on bacterial species associated with dental caries. A total of 5 bacterial species were isolated. The isolates include Staphylococcus aureus (4), Streptococcus species (6), Proteus species (3), Escherichia coli (4) and Bacillus subtilis (1) respectively. Streptococcus species had the highest number of bacteria isolates (37.5%) while the lowest bacteria strains isolate were recorded with Bacillus subtilis (6.3%) respectively. The Levofloxacin show high level of susceptibility with 12(16.0%), follow by ciprofloxacin with 11(14.7%), Gentamycin and Rifampicin found to have 10(13.3%) while the list found with Chloramphenicol at 1(1.3%). The chloramphenicol found to be highest resistant with 11(25.5%), follow by Norfloxacin 10(23.3%) while the list recorded with Ciprofloxacin, Rifampicin and Levofloxacin with 1(2.3%) respectively. The present study reveals that Streptococcus species are major bacteria causes of tooth decay. Regular teeth brushing and use of mouth wash helps to avoid teeth decay.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration
ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of contents vi
List of tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Background of the study 2
1.1 Aim of the study 3
1.2 Objective of the Study 4
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background to dental infection 4
2.2 Dental Decay Process 5
2.3 Composition of the Human teeth 5
2.3.1 Enamel 5
2.3.2 Dentin 6
2.3.3 Cementum 7
2.3.4 Pulp 7
2.4 Dental
Plaque and Dental Pellicle 8
2.4.1 Dental
Plaque 8
2.4.2 Dental
Pellicle 8
2.4.3 Dental
Plaque Formation 8
2.4.4 Dental Pellicle Formation 9
2.4.5 Process of Dental Caries
formation 9
2.4.6 Remineralization/Tooth Repairs 10
2.5 Role of saliva in dental caries 10
2.5.1 Role of fermentable sugar and
carbohydrates 11
2.5.2 Cariogenic potential 11
2.5.3 Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries 12
2.5.4 Gender differences in dental
caries 12
2.6 Pathogenesis 13
2.6.1 Clinical Manifestation 13
2.6.2 Microbiologic Diagnosis 13
2.6.3 Prevention and Treatment 15
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods
3.1 Sources of Material 16
3.2 Sample Collection 16
3.3 Laboratory Analysis 16
3.3.1 Preparation of culture media 16
3.3.2 Culturing of Bacteria 16
3.3.3 Identification of Isolates 16
3.3.4 Isolation of Bacteria 17
3.3.5 Biochemical tests 17
3.3.6 Antibiotic susceptibility test 27
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Results and findings 29
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussions, conclusion and
Recommendations 36
5.1 Conclusion 37
5.2 Recommendation 37
5.3 References 41
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
4. Identification and characteristics of bacterial isolated from teeth
swab
sample 28
4.1 Different sites of dental caries infection 30
4.2 Identification and characteristics of fungal isolates 31
4.3 Percentage of occurrence of bacterial isolate from teeth swab
samples 32
4.4 Antibiotic susceptibility against the isolated bacteria 33
4.5 Antibiotics resistance pattern of bacterial isolates 34
4.6 Antimicrobial pattern of the bacterial isolates from teeth swab
samples 35
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
It’s worth nothing that dental caries
is a form of tooth decay that affects wide range of human population (John,
2002). Dental caries which is a form of disease is always been thought of as a
hole in the teeth. Much more, it has been known for a very long period of years
that this dental problem which is known as dental caries is caused by bacteria.
Dental caries is one of the most common
chronic infectious diseases in the world [1,2]. Bacterial plaque accu-mulated
on dental surfaces and composed of native oral flora is the primary etiologic
agent of dental caries. Cariogenic bacteria interact by various recognized ways
including co-aggregation [3] Dental caries
is also one of the most common chronic infectious diseases in the world (K.J.
2002, WHO. 2002). There are three major hypotheses for the etiology of dental
caries: the specific plaque hypothesis, the nonspecific plaque hypothesis, and
the ecological plaque hypothesis (W.J. 1992, Marsh, 1994, Theilade, 1986). The
specific plaque hypothesis has proposed that only a few specific species, such
as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are
actively involved in the disease. On the other hand, the nonspecific plaque
hypothesis maintains that caries is the outcome of the overall activity of the
total plaque microflora, which is comprised of many bacterial species
(Theilade, 1986). The ecological plaque hypothesis suggests that caries is a
result of a shift in the balance of the resident microflora driven by changes
in local environmental conditions (Marsh, 1994). Caries-associated bacteria
traditionally have been identified by using culture-based methods, which
exclude not-yet-cultivated species. Molecular methods for bacterial
identification and enumeration now are performed routinely to more precisely
study bacterial species that are associated with dental caries, including those
that are not presently cultivable (Paster et al, 1998) and (Paster et al, 2001).
The bacteria normally ferment foods, which lead to formation of acids that
consequently dissolved tooth mineral. In
a decade not long ago, the process of dental caries has been defined from
several perspectives, the likes of microbiology, saliva composition, tooth
mineral concentration, tooth ultra structure, process of diffusion, the
kinetics of demineralization, the changing of demineralization which is also
known as demineralization, together with other known factors has enhance to the
change of the process (Featherstone, 2000). Presently we have a kind of in
depth knowledge of what is happening in the mouth, but this understanding is
far from being properly used in dental practice. The bacteria known as
cariogenic bacteria are useful to the disease process as they lead to the
process of dental tooth decay. There are two main types of bacteria, which are
the mutant’s streptococci and the lactobacilli species, have the capability to
produce organic acids during the process of metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates
by them (Marsh, 1994). The resultants acid which is produced by the mutant
streptococci and lactobacilli includes the lactic acetic, formic and propionic.
All this mentioned, have the capability to initiate the dissolving of the
mineral present in the enamel and that of the dentine (Featherstone et al. 1981)
and (Featherstone and Rodgers, 1981).
The
bacteria that have the tendency of producing acid as a by-product of their
metabolism are known as the acid organic and some of them can live in an acidic
environment, the likes of uric bacteria. Dental caries has been affirmed to be
a common known chronic infectious disease in the world (Anusavice, 2002). The
known bacterial plagued that often gets accumulated on the dental surfaces
which composed of the native oral flora is the main etiologic agent of dental
caries. The cariogenic bacteria associate by different known ways such as
co-aggregation (Kolenbrander et al, 2000), metabolic exchange, cell-cell
communication (Li et al, 2002), and change of genetic material (Roberts et al,
2001). This process makes the bacteria to benefit and enhance its survival. It
can make the dental biofilms to be a difficult therapeutic target with regards
to dental diseases. It is worth knowing that, dental caries leads to the
destruction of the enamel, dentin and cementum of the teeth as a result of
bacterial activity. The problem of dental caries is still considered as a great
health concern in most developed and industrialized countries because it
affects 60%-90% of most school aged children and some number of adults. This is
mostly as a result of the increasing consumption and accumulation of sugar and
it also emanate from improper and less exposure to fluorides (Petersen et al,
2005). When the organic acids developed by the bacteria in dental plague on the
tooth surface they get diffused easily from all directions. It diffuses through
the pores within the enamel or the dentin and into the underlying tissue. When
the acid gets diffused into the tooth, it get dissolved and find acid soluble
mineral (Yoo et al, 2006; Hoover and Newborn, 1977). With time, when the condition
gets progress along the line, the end result is cavity. The process which
happens in the mouth usually takes long duration, usually many months, or years
to develop into cavitation with an end result which is the dental caries.
Usually, the dental caries is a form of transmissible bacterial disease which
is primarily caused by the bacteria that feeds on carbohydrates which are taken
into the human mouth (Bowen, 2002). The hole in the tooth or the cavity is
usually the end point. It should also be known that bacteria gets transmitted
or transferred to babies usually from their mothers or through caregiver in
charge of the babies. This usually happens very early in the child’s life from
colonization that happens to the soft tissue even before the tooth sprout out.
(Sutherland, 2001, 2001; Li et al., 001;
Salam et al., 2001). When the tooth comes out or erupt, the cariogenic bacteria
initiate the colonization which is being established as the dental plague. So
also, at this stage the cycle that lead to the tooth destruction begins.
1.1 Aim of the Study
The
aim of this study is to isolate and identify the bacteria which lead to the
process of dental caries and to identify and determine the association of such
bacteria with dental caries in patients visiting the Dental clinic, Federal
Medical Center, Umuahia Abia State.
1.2 Objectives of the
Study
1.
To identify, isolate and characterize the main bacteria associated with dental
caries in patients visiting the dental clinic Federal Medical Center, Umuahia.
2.
To assess patients with dental cases visiting the Federal Medical Center,
Umuahia and know the cause of high prevalence of such dental cases.
3.
To provide effective control and preventive measures to patients suffering from
dental disease.
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