PREVALENCE AND BACTERIAL SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH GASTROENTERITIS, A CASE STUDY WITH STUDENTS IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE.

ABSTRACT

A study on prevalence and bacterial species associated with gastroenteritis among students in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture was conducted. Fifty stool samples from students that indicated cases of gastroenteritis from the questionnaire were examined. The stool samples were inoculated using the streak plate method. The following bacteria were isolated, Escherichia coli, salmonella species and Shigella species. Eschericha coli had the highest frequency of 54.2%, followed by Salmonella species (29.2%) while the least occurrence was recorded against Shigella species (16.7%). More cases were observed in females (52%) than in males (48%). Also, those living in the school hostel had more cases (66%) than those living off campus (34%). Effective sanitary condition should be maintained among students to avoid gastroenteritis which is a leading cause of morbidity that interferes with their academics.  

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0        Introduction 1

1.1        Aim of research 3

CHAPTER TWO 4

2.0        Literature review 4

2.1 Escherichia coli 5

2.2 Sailmonella species 7

2.3 Campylobacter species 7

2.4 Shigella species 8

2.5 Aeromonas species 9

2.6 Yersinia species 10

CHAPTER THREE 11

3.0        Materials and methods 11

3.1 Study area 11

3.2 Collection of samples 11

3.3 preparation of culture media 11

3.4 Isolation of bacteria species associated with gastroenteritis 12

3.5 Morphological examination of the isolates 12

3.6 Biochemical identification of isolates 12

3.6.1 Motility test 12

3.6.2 Sugar fermentation test 13

3.6.3 IMViC tests 13

3.6.4 Urease test 14

3.6.5 Catalase test 15

3.6.6 Oxidase test 15

CHAPTER FOUR 16

4.0       Results 16

CHAPTER FIVE 20

5.0      Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 20

5.1 Discussion 20

5.2 Conclusion 21

5.3 Recommendation 22

References 23

Appendix 28LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Gastroenteritis constitutes an important cause of morbidity and mortality among humans worldwide, most especially in the developing countries where sanitation is suboptimal (Caleb et al., 2003). Bacterial gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and the intestines caused by bacteria which is liable to cause diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and other digestive upset (Frenay and Mahoney, 2008; Prescott et al., 2011). People with these listed health issues above find it difficult to drink any liquid and still retain the fluid due to the disease especially when it is in the case of diarrhoea.

Gastroenteritis is a general word and a symptom of any condition disorder or disease that causes irritation and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (Marquis, 2009). Globally, most cases in children are caused by rotavirus with no doubt but less common causes include other bacterial species/toxins (WHO, 2005). However the prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis infections varies considerably from place to place in relation to the pattern of transmission of the disease (Luka et al., 2007).

Bacterial gastroenteritis is usually uncomfortable but self-limited. It can occur in any age group or population, it can be a symptom of a mild condition such as stress or indigestion. Most cases are highly infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs and chemical toxins. E.g. metals, plant substances. However the prevalence and bacteria species associated with gastroenteritis varies considerably depending with the pattern of transmission of disease (Luka et al., 2007).

Certain bacteria species like Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas and Yersinia have been diagnosed as organisms which are likely to cause this disease in an environment (Colle et al., 2007, Nzeako, 2009). These above listed bacteria cause infections such as salmonellosis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, yersiniosis, aeromonas infection and bloody diarrhoea.

Lanata (2007) and Yeager et al., (2005) documented certain predisposing factors of bacteria species associated with gastroenteritis. Thus,

a. Living or travelling to areas with poor sanitation facilities.

b. Eating a food that is mass prepared, without proper quality control.

c.  Drinking untreated water from a stream or a well or still from any unreliable source.  

d. Consuming a raw food like fish, oyster, unwashed fruits /vegetables or an improperly cooked food.

e. A weakened immune system (due to system malfunction like HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes) is easily infected.

Poor socio-economical conditions promote the survival and transmission of the bacterial gastroenteritis. Also, faecal contamination of food or water is the main route of transmission.

Federal health bulletin (2007) reported about 40% of people are liable to undergo or are most affected by bacterial gastroenteritis because of heavy infection and unfavourable conditions encountered in institution and also for their vulnerability to nutritional deficiencies.

Some of the common types of infectious bacterial gastroenteritis include:

a. Escherichia coli infection: A common problem for travellers to countries with poor sanitation. Infection is caused by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminating raw fruits/food. Robin et al. (2004) reported enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as the most frequent detected pathogen in children and adults with gastroenteritis.

b. Salmonellosis: Causative agent is the Salmonella species which primarily involves the small intestines producing oedema and inflammation of the mucosa.

c. Shigellosis: Bacteria are found in human faeces. Can get spread if the carrier is not steadily neat.

d. Campylobacteriosis: Campylobacter is the causative agent. It involves the epithelium of the small intestines. Infection is by consuming contaminated food and also having contact with infected animals and still not washing off contact point with water.

e. Yersiniosis: Caused by Yersinia species. Found in the intestinal tract and faeces of pigs, horses, dogs etc. (http://www.n/m.nih.gov/med/medplus).

Hence the pertinent of prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis among students in an institution cannot be overemphasized, thus a proper check up at intervals is required concerning this infection among students.

1.1 AIM OF THE RESEARCH

The aim of this research work is to determine the prevalence and bacterial species associated with gastroenteritis.

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