ABSTRACT
Bacterial contamination of medicated eye glasses worn by members of the University community (Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike) Abia State Nigeria was investigated using culture techniques. Of the one hundred and six samples screened [Handles (n=53), Lenses (n=53)] during the period of the research, ninety-nine (93.40%) were contaminated with bacteria. Escherichia coli(51.89%) was the most prevalent, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28.30%) and Streptococcus species (16.98%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.21%) and Bacillus species (13.21%) were equivalent, and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (9.43%), while Klebsiella species (1.89%) were the least. Sex significantly affected the level of eye glass contamination in the sense that, eye glasses used by male were more contaminated (52.83%) than their female counterparts (26.42%). Workers had more contaminated eye glasses (47.17%) than students (32.08%). Handles were more contaminated (94.34%) than the lenses (92.45%) and this could be due to frequent contact of the handles with human hands, which are mostly contaminated and non-sanitized. The eye glass cleaners or disinfectants were not able to inhibit bacteria isolated from the eye glasses. The antibiotic used where able to inhibit the various bacteria isolated in a similar spectrum.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figure viii
Abstract
ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement
of Problem 2
1.2 Aim of
Study 2
1.3 Objectives
3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Ubiquity
of microorganisms 4
2.1
Bacterial contamination of door handles/knobs in selected public
Conveniences 4
2.1.1 Fungal
contamination of eye lenses and frames of patients 10
2.2 Bacteria
Associated With Medicated Eye Glasses 21
2.2.1 Escherichia coli (E. coli) 22
2.2.2 Klebsiella species 23
2.2.3 Staphylococcus aureus 23
2.2.4 Streptococcus species 24
2.2.5 Bacillus subtilis 24
2.2.6 Pseudomonas
aeruginosa 25
2.2.7 Proteus species 25
2.3 The Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene in
Reducing the Risk of Infections
Which Includes
Hand Washing And Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers. 26
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Study
Area 28
3.2 Collection
of Samples 28
3.3 Sample
Preparation 28
3.4 Culture
Techniques/Media Preparation 28
3.5 Characterization
and Identification of Organism 29
3.5.1 Gram
Staining Technique 29
3.5.2 Biochemical
Test 29
3.5.2.1 Catalase
Test 29
3.5.2.2 Coagulase
Test 29
3.5.2.3 Citrate
Test 30
3.5.2.4 Motility,
Indole, Urease Test (MIU) 30
3.5.2.5 Triple Sugar Ion Test 31
3.5.2.6 Oxidase Test 31
3.6 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing 24
3.7 Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Using Different Lens Cleansers 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
33
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 40
5.2 Conclusion 43
5.3 Recommendation 43
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
2.1:
Distribution and
percentages of positive samples of male and female
toilet and bathrooms door handles/knobs 5
2.2:
Distribution of bacterial
contamination on toilets and bathroom door
handles/knobs swabbed 6
2.3: Distribution
and percentage bacterial contamination of toilets
and
bathroom door handles/knobs in relation to the establishment samples 7
2.4: Prevalence and degree of
growth of bacteria isolated from
contaminated
door handles/knobs 8
2.5: Prevalence of fungal
contamination on eye lenses and frames crevices 11
2.6: Prevalence
of the contamination according to age, sex and occupation 12
2.7:
Airborne
bacteria/contamination of dental surgeries (n=51) during surgery
sections 18
2.8: Surface bacterial contamination
of trolleys (n=51) near dental units 18
2.9:
Total bacterial counts of
water samples obtained from dental unit hoses (n=51)
and air/ water syringes (n=51) 19
4.1: Biochemical
Identification of Isolates and Gram Reaction 34
4.2: Prevalence
According To Sex 35
4.3: Degree
of Bacterial Contamination on Lenses and Handles and Gram Differentiation
36
4.4: Degree
of Bacterial Contamination of Lenses and Handles 37
4.5:
Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Isolates 38
4.6:
Antimicrobial Sensitivity
Using Different Lens Cleansers 39
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.1: The occurrence of bacteria on 118 surfaces
of sites 16
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms are
ubiquitous and they form major part of our environment. Some of these
microorganisms are friendly in the sense thatthey are used as fermenters in
brewery/food industries or forms normal flora of an organism thus helping in normal
metabolism of an organism. Furthermore, most of them are our foes or are
harmful to the environment because they cause several diseases and spoilage of
food.Ultimately, we are unknowingly exposed to germs in our daily activities,
whether in the supermarkets, comfort of our homes, banks or even in our
offices. Consequently, there are variousitems which are used on regular basis
that are rarely sanitized or kept clean and thus this gives rise to likely
growth and colonization of these items by microorganisms.
Essentially, glasses, also referred to as
eyeglasses/spectacles are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes used
for vision correction. Thus, glass handle/frame is the part of a pair of
glasses which is designed to hold the lenses in proper position. Glass
handles/frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and
colors.A lens on the other hand is substance made of glass which focuses or
defocuses the light that passes through it. It is made up of one or two curved
surfaces; shaped and used as an optical instrument (Stern, 1998, Eisenhart,
1985). Nowadays, different individuals use eye glasses/lenses (spectacles)
either for beautification/mark of fashion or for enhancing their sight capacity
(Nwaugo, et al., 2007). Prevalently,
contact lenses (without frames)are more in direct medical purposes as
well.Various microorganisms, especially bacterial species have been recorded to
colonize these lenses and these include: Pseudomonas
species, various species of Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Aeromonas (Brooks et al., 2001, Sankaridurg et
al., 1996).
There
are different types of eye infections attributed to Bacteria agents and this is
quite concerning, because these bacteria are introduced on the spectacles
through contacts with hands and other forms.Based on the extensive literature
reviewconducted in the course of this study, it was ascertained that no work
has been conducted to isolate bacteria from medicated glasses in Nigeria, but a
similar work has been conducted by (Nwaugo, et
al., 2007) where they isolated fungi from eye lenses and frames of
optometry patients at Abia State University, Uturu Nigeria.
1.1
Statement
of Problem
Harmful bacteria have the capacity to grow
on unprotected surfaces, including our medicated or sun glasses and
transmission of these harmful organisms through constant or regular contact
could result to different illnesses which are dependent on the species of
contaminative bacteria. This bags the question; When last did you give your
medicated or sunglasses a thorough cleaning?Various answers will emanate from
this question, because even those individuals who are required to wear their
glasses daily forget to clean them and thus; allowing bacteria to grow and
colonize the glasses, leading to varying eyes infections.
However, the knowledge that commonly used
items/facilities are most likely contaminated does not solve the problem of
transmitting germs, but it depicts that these items should be cleaned more
often than they currently are at the present.
1.2 Aim of
Study
The primary aim of this research work is
to examine the bacterial contamination of medicated eyeglasses/ lensesused by
staff and students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia
State, Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives
The objectives are:
·
To isolate and identify
bacteria from eyeglasses/ lenses
·
To determine the
percentage of medicated glass users that clean their glasses daily
·
To determine the antimicrobial
effect of the lenses cleaners used
·
To determine the antibiotic
sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria
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