ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to identify the phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Monodora myristica seed extract. Phytochemicals such as alkaloid, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, phenol, arthracyanin and cyanogenal glycoside were detected on different extract of the seed such as water, methanol, ethanol and acetone and result indicated the presence of these phytochemicals in their right proportion except for acetone extract which did not indicate the presence of saponin. Antibacterial activity conducted on the various extracts of the seed such as; water, ethanol, methanol and acetone indicated inhibition. Bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Eschrichia coli were used as the test organisms. Methanol extract of Staphylococcus aureus indicated the highest inhibition of 17.33mm, while water extract of eschrichia coli indicated the lowest inhibition of 8.66mm. the minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the seed extract ranges from 100─200mg/ml. antioxidant assay was carried out using three methods; DDPH scavenging spectrophotometric method, chelating method and the ferric ion reducing activity. In the scavenging method, the percentage scarvenging antioxidant ranges from 37.68%─ 48.91%, while the chelating method ranges from 33.33%─44.72% and the reducing method ranges from 26.89%─46.06%. since the crude extract was able to inhibit the growth of organisms, this study validates the use of Monodora myristica in herbal medicine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
Lists of Tables vii
Abstract
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims 3
1.2 Objectives
3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1
General descriptive of Monodra myristica 5
2.2
Health benefit 7
2.3
Phytochemical 8
2.4 classes of phytochemical 8
2.5 Antimicrobial 13
2.6 Test organisms 14
2.7 Antioxidant 17
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 18
3.1 Materials 18
3.2.1 Methods 18
3.2.2 Phytochemical Screening 18
3.2.3 Phytochemical
Determination 21
3.2.4
Antimicrobial Screening 27
3.3 Antimicrobial
Testing 29
3.4 Determination
of MIC 29
3.5 Antioxidant 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendation 42
5.1
Discussion 42
5.2
Conclusion 44
5.3 Recommendation 45
References 46
Appendices
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Titles
Pages
1
Preliminary phytochemical
screening of Monodora myristica seed extract 34
2 Phytochemical content of extractsof Monodora myristica 35
3 Antibacterial Activity of extracts of Monodora myristica 36
4 Minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of Monodora myristica seed extracts. 37
5
Antioxidant activity of Monodora
myristica seed extract 41
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Plant
use for the maintenance of good health is well documented by Edeoga and Eriata,
2001. Reports have shown that, based on many modern pharmaceuticals used today
for the treatment of various aliments are plants and plant based products
(Kamba and Hassan, 2010). Plants have been generally used worldwide for the
treatment of diseases. About 80% of the World’s populations rely on plant based
medicine for their health care (WHO, 2001). Report, observed that the majority of the
population in the developing countries still depend on herbal medicine to meet
their health need. The use of plants or their products to meet societal health
need stems from the fact that indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs
commonly utilized in the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the
development of multiple drug resistance (Gupta et al., 2008), the
adverse effect on host associated with the use of convectional antibiotics
(Gupta et al., 2008), the safety and cost effectiveness of the use of
plants in traditional as well as in modern medicine (Koche et al., 2011)
and high cost, adulteration and increasing toxic side effects of these
synthetic drugs (Shariff, 2001). Thus the need to develop alternative antimicrobial
drugs from medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious diseases has been
advocated due to the fact that antimicrobials of plant origin have been found
to have enormous potentials. Furthermore, the work of Perumalsamy and Ignacimuthu
(2000), indicated that antimicrobials from plant from origin are effective in the
treatment of infectious diseases and on the other hand, simultaneously
mitigates many side effects that are linked with synthetic antimicrobials. Many
of these indigenous plants contain bioactive compounds that exhibit
physiological activities against bacteria and other microorganisms and are also
used as precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. Thus the usefulness of
these plant products in medicine is due to the presence of bioactive substances
such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, resins
and other secondary metabolites which they contain and are capable of producing
definite physiological action in the body (Bishnu et al., 2009; Edeoga et
al.,2005). Phytochemicals are known to carry out important medicinal roles
in the body. Alkaloids are known to have a powerful effect on animal
physiology. They play some metabolic role and control development in living
system (Edeoga and Eriata, 2001). They are also used as starting materials in
the manufacture of steroidal drugs and carryout protective function in animals,
thus are used as medicine especially steroidal alkaloids. Isolated plant
alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives are used as basic medicinal agent for
their analgesic; antispasmodic and antibacterial effect (Ogukwe et al.,
2004). Flavonoids are known to carryout antioxidant, protective effects and
inhibit the initiation, promotion and progression of tumors. Isoflavones, some
kind of flavonoids are phytoestrogen which effectively modulate estrogen levels
in human (Okwu and Omodamiro, 2005). A type of flavonoid anthocyanin helps in
reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, hyperlipidemias and
other chronic diseases (de Pascual-Teresa and Sanchez-Ballesta, 2008). Phenolic
compounds in plants are potentially toxic to the growth and development of
pathogens. Research reports also show that phenolic compounds carry out potent
antioxidant activity and wide range of pharmacological activities which include
anticancer, antioxidant and platelet aggregation inhibition activity (Rein et
al., 2000). Saponins play essential roles in medicine. These include
serving as expectorant and emulsifying agent (Edeoga et al., 2009) and
having antifungal properties (Osuagwu et al., 2007). Tannins are
reported to inhibit pathogenic fungi. They are also associated with many human
physiological activities such as stimulation of phagocytic cells and host
mediated tumor activity and a wide range of infective actions. Steroid
containing compounds are of importance in pharmacy due to their role in sex
hormones (Okwu, 2001). Steroids such as equine estrogen are implicated in the
reduction of risks of coronary heart and neurodegenerative diseases in healthy
and young postmenopausal women (Perrella et al., 2003). At low
concentration tannins show antimicrobial, cytotoxic and astringent properties
(Ijeh et al., 2004).
The
phytochemical screening of some plants has been carried out and they are found
to be rich in alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Iniaghe et
al., 2009). The antimicrobial activities of plants have been reported
(Arshad et al., 2010). They are therefore used in the treatment of many
diseases such as rheumatism, diarrhea, malaria, elephantiasis, cold, obesity,
dysentery, high blood pressure, malnutrition, gonorrhea and others (Akuodor et
al, 2010). Monodora myristica, is a tropical tree of Annonaceae
family. Its seeds are widely sold as inexpensive nut Meg substitute. M.
myristica tree can reach a height of 35 m and 2 m in diameter at breast
height. The fruit is a berry of 20 cm in diameter and is smooth green and
spherical and later become woody. It is attached to a long stalk which is up to
60 cm long. Inside the fruit, the numerous oblongoid, pale brown 1.5 cm long
seeds are surrounded by a whitish fragment pulp. The seeds contain 5.9 % colourless
essential oil. The plant parts have many medicinal values which are going to be
considered in this study.
1.1 AIM
The
main aim of this research work is to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant
and antibacterial activities of the Monodora
myristica (African nutmeg).
1.2 OBJECTIVES
-To
evaluate the antibacterial activities of Monodora
myristia (African Nutmeg) on human pathogens.
-To
determine the antioxidant potential of the various extracts
-To
determine the phytochemical composition of the extracts
-To
extract the active components using different solvents (water, ethanol, ethanol
and acetone)
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