ABSTRACT
The optimal activated carbon produced from sweet Dattock shell (DetariumMicrocarpun) was obtained using physiochemical activation method with K2CO3 as the chemical activating agent. The activation was done at temperature of 1037 K and activation time of 2 h. The equilibrium adsorption data were generated from five various forms of linearized Langmiur equations as well as Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms at various temperatures of 303, 313, 323 K. In comparing the legitimacy of each Isotherms chi square (χ2) was incorporated with the correlation coefficient (R2) to justify the basics for selecting the best adsorption model, with Langmiur 2 the best isotherm model to describe the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on the absorbent sweet dattock shell (SDS) at both the tempretures of 323 K, 303 K, 313 K, having the lowest chi square values.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page
Title page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Chlorophenols Contaminations
1.2 Various adsorbents employed in the removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution
1.3 Statement of research problem
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Aim and Objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Equilibrium Studies
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Experimental
3.1. Materials and stock solution
3.2 Preparation of activated carbon
3.3. Batch adsorption studies
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Influence of adsorption time and 4CG concentrations
4.2. Effect of solution pH
4.3. Adsorption isotherm modeling
Appendix
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Adsorption is a process in which a substance, called the adsorbate, is attached to the surface of another material, known as the adsorbent, through physical or chemical interactions. Adsorption is used in various industries for its ability to remove impurities, increase efficiency, and improve the quality of the product (Kumar et al., 2021).
1.1 Chlorophenols Contaminations
Phenols and its derivatives are extensively used chemicals in day-today life with their considerable amounts present in wastewater (Prashanthakumar et al., 2018). Chlorophenols (CPs) belong to such class of contaminants with an organic origin (Bae et al., 2002). They are a group of organochlorides of phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms, which can be divided into five groups namely; mono-chlorophenols (2-chlorophenols, 3-chlorophenols, 4-chlorophenols), dichlorophenols (DCPs), trichlorophenols (TCPs), tetrachlophenols (TeCPs) and pentachlorophenols (PCPs) (Fan et al., 2015). Chlorophenols severely affect human nervous and respiratory systems causing serious health hazards. They are persistent in the environment with a strong odor and having poor biodegradability as well as possessing toxic and carcinogenic characteristics (Armenante et al., 1999; Gupta et al., 2009; Tan et al., 2009). Their recalcitrant nature means discharging them into hydrosphere pose a significant source of pollution.
1.2 Various adsorbents employed in the removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution
Adsorption surpassed all other wastewater treatment processes owing to its simplicity in design and applicability, kinetics, effectiveness, and universal nature. Here we are going to focus more on activated carbon reported as being the most popular and widely used adsorbent. Other adsorbents ranging from agricultural wastes, nanomaterials, industrial byproducts, inorganic materials, and biosorbents reported to have been applied in the removal of chlorophenols from wastewater will also be discussed.
1.3 Statement of research problem
Adsorption is particularly useful for removing impurities which are very harmful to the body system, Chrolophenols affect human respiratory system causing series of health hazard, Its persistent in the environment with a strong odor and having poor biodegradability as well as possessing toxic and carcinogenic characteristics. Chlorophenols are very popular compound involved in the day to day life, present in most industrial effluents especially coming from paper and textile industries, these compounds are very toxic so there removal from waste water is very crucial, toxicity of chlorophenols in the environment which include burning of urban waste, combustion of organic matter and biodegradation of pesticides. Therefore it’s essential to remove those chlorophenols contaminant to safeguard public health, it also has negative impact on environment to reduce economic burden.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The adsorption process using SDS-AC will be used for the removal of 2,4-DCP from synthetic wastewater. Understanding the equilibrium behavior of 2,4-DCP adsorption onto SDS-AC is essential for designing efficient treatment systems for environmental remediation, industrial applications, health implications, and scientific research. The significance of the study is to exploit equilibrium study of 2,4-DCP adsorption using SDS-AC.
1.5 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this is to study the equilibrium isotherm studies of 2,4-dichlorophenol adsorption onto activated carbon from sweet dattock shell.
The objectives of this research work are:
1. To study the equilibrium process of 2,4-dichlorophenol adsorption onto prepared activated carbon from sweet dattock shell
2. To apply different linear Isotherms models
3. To evaluate the nature of the adsorption process (whether monolayer or heterogeneous)
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