ABSTRACT
The broad objective of this study was to examine the effects of microcredit access, utilization and repayment on catfish production enterprises in Benue State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting respondents for the study. Thus, a total sample size of 300 catfish production enterprises was selected for this study. The study used descriptive statistics to examine and analyze objectives one, two, three and eight, respectively. Objectives four to seven utilized inferential statistics. The statistical techniques adopted were: frequency distributions, means and percentages to examine variables, multiple regression, logit regression, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), stochastic frontier, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and likert scale. The study disclosed that, of the total sum of ₦ 39,189,185 microcredit accessed by catfish production enterprises; a huge sum of ₦ 28,582,422 was utilized in catfish production business. However, the utilization index for accessed microcredit was 0.73; this translates into 73% of utilized microcredit in the study area. In the case of microcredit repayment, a vast sum of ₦ 37,054,472 was repaid by catfish production enterprises. This implies that 94% of the total sum of ₦ 39,189,185 microcredit accessed by catfish production enterprises was repaid. SEM was used to test the relationship among the constructs; for the whole model, the statistical result shows that Chi-square value of 222, 091.25 was significant at 1%. Standard estimation of the full model of the three paths indicates significance for both Content Specific Factors and Social Factors respectively. Economic Factors however, was not significant even at 5% but was at 10% which is a bit far off for this study. The study concludes that, the coefficients agreed with the a priori expectation, which states that, a unit increase in microcredit access, utilization and repayment leads to a corresponding increase in catfish output in the study area. The Multiple coefficient of determination (R2) value is 0.960, which indicated that there is a very strong and significant relationship between the indicators. The results indicate that the calculated value of F-test at 1% level showed significant value of 10.45. Based on the findings of this study, catfish production enterprises should engage the office of the Director of Fisheries under the Benue State Ministry of Agriculture to enquire about skills in writing a feasibility study for their enterprises in order to access more microcredit from Bank of Industry (BOI) and Bank of Agriculture (BOA). The credit made available by sources of microcredit such as BOI, BOA, cooperatives, etc, to catfish production enterprise need to be increased so that the enterprise could make greater impact on fish production and economic growth of the Nation. Government should fund more microcredit institutions so that their interest rate would be reduced for catfish production enterprises to obtain credit with ease.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables x
List of Figures xii
Abstract xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study 1
1.2
Statement of the Problem 5
1.3
Research Questions 8
1.4
Objectives of the Study 9
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study 9
1.6
Justification of the Study 10
1.7
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
11
CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Conceptual Framework 13
2.1.1
Concept of microcredit 13
2.1.2 Concept
of production efficiency 22
2.2
Theoretical Framework 26
2.2.1 Theory of
microcredit 26
2.2.2 Credit theories of money 28
2.2.3 Theory of production 32
2.3 Empirical
Review 34
2.3.1 Social,
economic and demographic profile of catfish production 34
2.3.2 Sources
and amount of microcredit access in fish production 35
2.3.3 Microcredit
utilization and repayment in catfish production
36
2.3.4 Determinants of loan repayment in
fish production 37
2.3.5 Efficiency
in catfish production 38
2.3.6
Constraints to microcredit access by
fishermen 42
2.4
Analytical Framework 43
2.4.1 Stochastic
production frontier (SPF) analysis and efficiency 43
2.4.2
Logit model 50
2.4.3 Structural equation modeling (SEM) 53
2.4.4
Multiple regression 54
2.4.5
Analysis of variance ANOVA 54
2.4.6
Likert scale 56
2.5
Summary of Literature 56
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 The
Study Area
59
3.2
Population of the Study 61
3.3
Sample Size Determination 61
3.4 Method
of Data Collection 61
3.5
Method of Data Analysis 62
3.6 Model
Specification 62
3.6.1 Objective one – descriptive statistics via averages 62
3.6.2 Objective two – averages and microcredit access index 63
3.6.3 Objective three – microcredit utilization and repayment index 64
3.6.4 Objective four – multiple regression, logit regression and SEM 64
3.6.5 Objective five – multiple linear regression 69
3.6.6 Objective six – stochastic
frontier models 70
3.6.7 Objective seven – analysis of variance
(ANOVA) 76
3.6.8 Objective eight – likert scale 77
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Demographic and Economic Profile of
Catfish Production Enterprises 78
4.2 Sources and Amount of Microcredit
Accessed 79
4.2.1
Microcredit access index 81
4.3 Level of Microcredit Utilization and
Repayment 81
4.3.1 Microcredit utilization
and repayment index 82
4.4 Determinants of Microcredit Access,
Utilization and Repayment 83
4.4.1 Determinants of microcredit access via
multiple regression model 83
4.4.2 Determinants of microcredit utilization via
logit model 85
4.4.3 Determinants of microcredit repayment via SEM
87
4.5 Microcredit
Variables’ Effect on Catfish Output 106
4.6 Efficiency
of Catfish Production Enterprises in Benue State 107
4.6.1 Technical efficiency 107
4.6.2 Allocative efficiency 112
4.6.3 Profit efficiency 116
4.7 Difference
in Microcredit Access, Utilization and Repayment 119
4.8 Constraints
of Catfish Enterprises in the Study Area
122
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
of Findings 125
5.2 Conclusion
128
5.3 Recommendations 131
5.4 Suggestion for Further Study 132
5.5 Contributions to Knowledge Made by this
Study 133
References 135
Appendices 151
LIST OF
TABLES
4.1:
Demographic and economic profile of catfish prod. enterprises (n=300) 78
4.2:
Sources and amount of microcredit accessed (n=300) 80
4.3:
Microcredit access index 81
4.4: Level
of microcredit utilization and repayment
81
4.5:
Microcredit utilization and repayment index
82
4.6: Determinants
of microcredit access using multiple regression (n=300) 84
4.7: Determinants
of microcredit utilization using logit model (n=300) 85
4.8: Collinearity statistics showing
variance inflation factors (VIF) 88
4.9:
Heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations 89
4.10: Construct
validity and reliability 91
4.11: Factor
loadings 95
4.12: Fit measures
96
4.13: Path coefficients effect 98
4.14:
Regression results 103
4.15:
f square 104
4.16:
Microcredit effects on catfish output
(n=300) 106
4.17: Stochastic production frontier
translog model and inefficiency (n=300) 108
4.18: Technical efficiency
distribution among catfish farms 111
4.19: Stochastic cost frontier
translog model and inefficiency (n=300) 113
4.20: Allocative efficiency
distribution among catfish farms 114
4.21:
Stochastic profit frontier translog model and inefficiency (n=300) 116
4.22:
Profit efficiency distribution among catfish farms 118
4.23: ANOVA results of microcredit activities 120
4.24: Comparison of scores by microcredit activities
121
4.25:
Microcredit challenges affecting catfish production enterprises 122
4.26:
Component factor analysis for civil service performance 124
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1:
Geographical map of Benue State 51
4.1: Sources and mean values of microcredit accessed
in Naira 80
4.2: Average microcredit access, utilization and
repayment index 83
4.3:
Heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT) 90
4.4:
Average variance extracted (AVE) 92
4.5:
Cronbach’s alpha 93
4.6:
Composite reliability 94
4.7: Path
coefficients 98
4.8: Permutation algorithm for content
specific factors and repayment 99
4.9: Permutation algorithm for economic
factors and repayment 100
4.10: Permutation
algorithm for social factors and repayment 100
4.11: Path
coefficients 102
4.12: f
Square 104
4.13: T
statistic values 105
4.14: Technical efficiency estimates 111
4.15:
Allocative efficiency estimates 115
4.16: Profit efficiency
estimates 119
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Microcredit
is a loan granted to micro-enterprises, such as peasant farmers, artisans,
fishermen, youths, women, senior citizens and non-salaried workers in the
formal and informal sectors; the loans are usually unsecured, but typically
granted on the basis of the applicant’s
character and the combined cash flow of the business and household (Central
Bank of Nigeria (CBN), 2012). Microcredit is very
essential to catfish production enterprises and farmers, who are mostly unable
to meet the collateral requirements of formal financial institutions (UNIDO,
2010).
In the wake of a looming global food
crisis, Nigeria is not isolated; more emphasis is now being placed on increased
domestic supplies (Emokaro and Ekunwe, 2009). Catfish is the most commonly
cultivated species of fish because of its superior market value (FAO, 2012).
According to the Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries Project (AIFP) of the
National Special Program for Food Security (NSPFS), Benue State has the highest
number of catfish farms compared to other Northern States in Nigeria (Benue
State Ministry of Agriculture, 2018; FAO, 2007a; FAO, 2007b). In agreement, the
Director of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Benue State, confirmed that the
State has more than 300 catfish farmers (Benue State Ministry of Agriculture,
2018). In order to boost fish production in Benue State, the Federal Government
made available inputs such as juveniles and 50 percent subsidized standard
fish feeds of 15 kilogrammes at N12, 500
to fish production enterprises in 2013 after the 2012
flood (Abah, 2014). In 2016 catfish farmers benefited from the provision of
collapsible tanks (tarpaulin tanks) and in June, 2017, the Federal Ministry of
Agriculture, through the Department of Fisheries distributed about 400, 000
fingerlings which were stocked at Akata in Katsina-Ala Local Government Area of
Benue State (Benue State Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). The condition of catfish
production in Benue State is influenced by microcredit access, utilization and repayment.
Access to microcredit is pertinent for transforming a
developing country like Nigeria (Norton, Alwang and William, 2010). Access to
microcredit by agribusiness managers leads to increased productivity and income
(Tijani, 2011). However, microcredit
availability is influenced by determinants of microcredit access such as sources
of microcredit, amount of microcredit obtained by the catfish production
enterprise and rationing in rural credit markets.
Microcredit sources such as Bank of Agriculture (BOA),
Bank of Industry (BOI), commercial banks, microfinance or community banks,
cooperative societies, private money lenders, family and friends and owner savings
are necessary for high performance of catfish production business. Catfish
producers can obtain loans from such microcredit sources close to them. In
Benue State, fish cooperatives are trying to formally register themselves in
order to source microcredit from BOA and BOI (Benue State Ministry of
Agriculture, 2018). Furthermore, taking a look at available credit sources in
both the formal and informal credit sector, it has been discovered that though,
credit is important for sustainable agricultural development, there still
exists a gap between its demand and supply as induced by certain constraints
(Adebayo and Adeola, 2008). According to the Director of Fisheries, only crop
producers enjoy source of credit such as anchor borrowers’ scheme. An anchor
borrower scheme will soon be in the pipeline for fish producers to access microcredit
in Benue State (Benue State Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). However, the amount
or level of microcredit accessed determines the depth of investment within the
catfish production enterprise.
The
amount accessed for catfish production is one of the major factors influencing
rapid economic development. Amount of microcredit invested also has the capacity to transmit
the benefits of growth more rapidly and more equitably, through the informal
sector (UNIDO, 2010). Access to investment
funds through microcredit is critical to lifting small scale farmers above the
subsistence level and enable the catfish producer cushion his/her business
against risks. Access to microcredit and amount invested is more of a
supply-side issue related to the potential lender’s choice of the maximum
credit limit (Diagne, 1999). However, the amount or level of investment as a
result of accessibility to microcredit is affected by certain variables such as
rationing in credit markets (Weber and Musshroff, 2012).
Microcredit
utilization ensures that catfish production business employs inputs such as
labour, land, fingerlings and standard feeds judiciously. Microcredit aids
catfish producers to plough in more investment fund which is likely to bring in
high returns. The need for microcredit is relevant for catfish production,
income and wealth generation (Afolabi, 2010; Mbam, 2017). Technical and allocative efficiencies of catfish
production
business depend largely on the judicious utilization of microcredit obtained.
Microcredit enables catfish producers to purchase the inputs they
need to increase their productivity, as well as finance a range of activities,
thereby, adding value to catfish output (Nosiru, 2010).
Resources are scarce and catfish production requires the judicious or
efficient utilization of resources to avoid wastage and loss (Awoniyi
and Omonona, 2006). However, profit
needs to be realized through proper utilization of microcredit accessed in
order for the catfish producer
to pay back borrowed credit. This is feasible, especially for mangers with the
experience and access to microcredit. Repayment of microcredit by catfish
farmers is more compared to crop farmers in Benue State due to the incidence of
threats such as floods, herdsmen challenges, and crop loss (Benue State
Ministry of Agriculture, 2018).
In
the case of repayment of microcredit loans, banks do not lend to poor groups
due to fear of non-repayment and increase in their non-performing assets
(Kohansal and Mansoori, 2009; Weber, Mubhoff and Petrick, 2014). Lenders can
evaluate whether or not direct financing of producers or indirect financing of
their suppliers or buyers, is most appropriate (Coon, Campion and Wenner,
2010). Various factors influence the repayment performance of borrowers in
rural markets such as farming experience, income of borrower, loan size, value
of collateral offered as security, interest rate, total application costs and
number of installments to repay loan (Kohansal and Mansoori, 2009). However,
the classification of factors affecting repayment schedules is divided into
three broad categories, namely: social factors; economic factors; and contract-specific
factors. These factors and other constraints determine continuity in the catfish
production business.
Constraints
are vital forces that catfish producers must take notice of in order to remain
in business. The constraints are usually inherent in the environment where the
catfish business is operated. Examples of constraints include but are not
limited to the following: high interest rates, bureaucratic bottlenecks, late
approval, guarantor, collateral, no banks in the locality, defaulting in
payment, lack of awareness, sentiments, and inadequate credit. It is against this backdrop that
this study set out to examine the effects of microcredit access, utilization
and repayment on catfish production in Benue State.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According
to the Fisheries Department of Benue State Ministry of Agriculture (2018), the problems
faced by catfish producers includes, absence of banks in the locality, high
interest rate, bureaucratic bottlenecks, late approval of loan request, amount of
credit given is too small, collateral request by lenders, negotiating produce
before production, sentiments, delay in loan repayment and lack of awareness
regarding microcredit policies and accessibilities. With the various programmes
(such as Bank of Industry (BOI), Bank of Agriculture (BOA), CBN Anchor
Programmes, etc.) channeled towards reducing microcredit challenges, small
scale producers are still faced with issues such as inability to access formal
credit (Abdelateif and Sayed, 2015).
Inability
to access formal credit remains one of the most restrictive problems facing
small scale producers (Abdelateif and Bauer, 2013). This has forced small scale
producers to sometimes seek capital from relatives, friends and money lenders
which are ineffective in providing capital needs especially in agricultural
investment. Similarly, the private money lenders are interested more in earning
high interest or taking hold of the debtor’s property rather than financing
people in need. Therefore, microcredit institutions that offered formal credit
to the poor provide hope for the farmers in terms of loan amount and interest
rate charged (Alufohai, 2006). Thompson
& Mafimisebi (2014) reported that over 87% of farmers did not have any
access to credit among the catfish aquaculture in Nigeria. This is not too far
from the assertions by, Olaoye, Ogunremi, Ojebiyi, Ojelade, Shopade and Opele
(2017) that the lack of group formation among fish producers affected the
access to credit and information by owners.
Fish
producers are yet to form cooperatives that would champion the affairs of members;
however, formation of fish associations that would reduce inability to access
microcredit is in progress (Benue State Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). Fish farmers in Benue State faced
challenges of producing fish in commercial quantity. This became difficult when,
the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESC) introduced by the Goodluck
Jonathan administration favoured mostly crop farmers by providing for example,
seeds and fertilizers at subsidized rates; in the process fish farmers were
neglected in the State (Benue State Ministry of
Agriculture, 2018).
In Benue State, the anchor borrowers’ scheme favours
crop production enterprises except fish producers; this reduced the probability
of catfish production businesses gaining access to microcredit (Abah, 2014). Individual
borrowers who owned catfish production businesses were not able to access
microcredit of more than N250, 000 from
BOA and BOI; highly educated catfish farmers who could write good feasibility proposals
for their production businesses were able to access a million Naira (Benue
State Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). Without collateral, BOA and BOI send
in their experts to verify claims made on paper by the prospective catfish
production business; qualified applicants are then granted credit for their
businesses.
Government
has tried to enhance the availability of microcredit with the provision of BOI,
BOA and various community or microfinance banks within the Country. Government
also gives support to catfish farmers to form co-operative societies in order
to improve their financial base, but despite these efforts, at both Federal and
State levels, microcredit access and utilization are still not feasible (Sampou, 2006). Even with this
impressive zeal of Government, catfish production enterprises continue to
experience capital inadequacy due to high rate of loan default (Edet, Atairet, Nkeme and Udoh, 2014). In
order to solve the problem of financial constraint, the problem of high default risk
associated with farmers, which made the financial institutes reluctant to
extend loan, has to be solved (Gebeyehu and Assefa, 2004). Default in
repayment of microcredit could be linked to loan diversion into other
activities not associated with the enterprise in question.
Some
catfish producers engage in loan diversion for other purposes leading to poor
utilization of borrowed microcredit (Benue State Ministry of Agriculture, 2018).
This increases the suspicion by formal financial institutions as regards agricultural
producers. Support from informal borrowers is vital, however, they charge very
high interest rates within a very short period of time; studies (Afolabi, 2010;
Adegbite, 2009; Oni, Oladele and Oyewole, 2005), indicate that small holder
loan schemes in Nigeria have high rate of loan default. Some studies, (Oboh and
Kushwaha, 2009; Alade, Ajayi, Enendu and Idowu, 2003) credited it to fund
diversion, poor marketing opportunities, low pricing of products, low yield and
negative attitude of farmers towards government owned credit, interest rate
problem, inadequate loan volume, loan diversion as well as unprofitable
interest rate (Edet et al. 2014). These studies,
however are flawed because they concentrate on the catfish farmers’
socio-economic features in association with his/her part-time fish production
business.
Much work has not been done as
regards the economic and demographic profiles of catfish production
enterprises. However, many research has been carried out as regards
socio-economic features of catfish farmers in Benue State and Nigeria (Folayan and Folayan, 2017; Akarue and
Aregbor, 2015) as a
whole. Studies such as Sampou (2006), highlighted
the problems of microcredit acquisition and utilization among small-scale fish
farmers neglecting the repayment aspect. From observation, this study found out
that little works on microcredit access, utilization and repayment in Benue
State in particular exists. This review brings out the gap in Literature which this study tried to
examine.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In
line with the above problem statement, the following research questions were
considered.
i.
What is the demographic
and economic profile of catfish production enterprises in Benue State?
ii.
How important are the
sources and amount of microcredit accessed by catfish production enterprises?
iii.
What is the level of
microcredit utilization and repayment by catfish production enterprises?
iv.
How important are the
determinants of microcredit access, utilization and repayment by catfish
production enterprises?
v.
What are the effects of microcredit
access, utilization and repayment on output of catfish production enterprises?
vi.
What is the efficiency of
catfish production enterprise in Benue State?
vii.
What are the differences
in microcredit access, utilization and repayment by catfish production
enterprises?
viii.
What are the constraints
to microcredit access, utilization and repayment by catfish production
enterprises in Benue State?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad
objective of this study was to examine the effects of microcredit access,
utilization and repayment on catfish production enterprises in Benue State,
Nigeria. The specific objectives were to:
i.
describe the demographic
and economic profile of catfish production enterprises in Benue State;
ii.
examine the sources and
amount of microcredit accessed by catfish production enterprises;
iii.
analyze the level of
microcredit utilization and repayment by catfish production enterprises;
iv.
analyze the determinants
of microcredit access, utilization and repayment by catfish production
enterprises;
v.
determine the effect of microcredit
access, utilization and repayment on output of catfish production enterprises;
vi.
analyze the efficiency of
catfish production enterprise in Benue State;
vii.
determine the differences
in microcredit access, utilization and repayment by catfish production
enterprises; and
viii.
identify constraints to microcredit
access, utilization and repayment by catfish production enterprises in Benue
State
1.6
HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
H01: Determinants of microcredit
access, utilization and repayment do not have significant
effect on catfish production enterprises;
H02:
Microcredit
access, utilization and repayment do not have significant effect on output of catfish production enterprises
H03:
Inefficiency
effects are absent from catfish production enterprises in Benue State
H04: Microcredit access,
utilization and repayment by catfish production enterprises are not significantly different
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Little study has been undertaken to
examine the effects of microcredit access, utilization and repayment on catfish
production in Benue State. Catfish production enterprises are characterized by
low investment outlay and therefore are unable to repay loan or credit extended
to them (Abdelateif and Bauer, 2013). Expansion and sustainability of their
enterprises depend to a large extent on microcredit access, utilization and
repayment, given good management. In order to survive, the catfish production
enterprise needs to obtain credit from microcredit finance institution. Some
agricultural microcredit lending institutions that have a firmer or stronger
presence at the rural areas of Benue State are: BOA, BOI, Nigeria Agricultural
Co-operative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB), private American non-profit
organization (PFD), co-operative societies and Local Bam. Benue State is
blessed with a loamy-clay soil that is very suitable for catfish production.
The ability of the soil to retain water is very vital for entrepreneurs who
want to engage in earthen pond and other forms of catfish farming in the study
area. Moreso, the State is number one when it comes to fish farming in Northern
Nigeria (FAO, 2007a; FAO, 2007b). It is from the foregoing backdrop that this
study is justified and will be useful in numerous ways.
The
findings of this study would provide useful information on the effect of
microcredit access, utilization and repayment on the catfish production
enterprises and their level of operation to meet productivity and income. This
study will be beneficial to entrepreneurs intending to invest in catfish
production in the study area. The study will help managers of catfish
enterprises to reduce diversion of funds to the minimum.
Entrepreneurs
wishing to go into catfish production business will be guided by the study to
take decisions as regards available microcredit for catfish production in the
study area. Thus, the entrepreneur will have knowledge of microcredit sources,
access, utilization and repayment, thereby, reducing shocks from the
environment that could discourage continuity in the business.
The
outcomes of this study will proactively spur government policy makers to
formulate realistic investment policies that are likely to enhance catfish
production in Benue State, Nigeria. Awareness of the effect of microcredit
access, utilization and repayment on catfish production business is pertinent
in the academics. Finally, the study would further contribute to the body of
knowledge, fill the gap in the existing literature and be a useful source of
information for future research regarding this subject matter, in the study
area most especially.
1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This
study gives priority to the production of cultured catfish. This aspect involves
growing up fingerlings until they reach the maturity stage of harvest taking
into consideration the investment role played by the entrepreneur. Primary data
of catfish production for the year 2017 was relied upon. The study covered
catfish producers who specialize in concrete,
earthen, tarpaulin and fiber or plastic systems of catfish production in Benue
State. The study highlighted three microcredit activities (i.e., access,
utilization and repayment) which where the main focus of credit activities for
this study.
The study was limited to only microcredit and not
microfinance as a subject matter. In the case of microcredit, borrowed funds
from lenders (i.e., Bank of Agriculture (BOA), Bank of
Industry (BOI), commercial banks, microfinance or community banks, cooperative
societies, private money lenders, family and friends and owner savings) were mirrored upon. In this regard,
microcredit is a subset of microfinance. Microfinance which this study does not
take congnisance of, is a universal set that includes microcredit activities,
insurance, capital instruments such as stocks, shares, debentures, bonds, etc.
It is important to state here that, this study
cannot be generalized for Nigeria as a whole because determinants of factors
responsible for microcredit activities such as access, utilization and
repayment of borrowed loans in Benue State, might be different compared to
other States in the country.
This study is also limited to the examination of the
catfish enterprise as a business entity. Thus, issues surrounding the
socio-economic activities of the catfish farmer/manager and their entire
household were not of interest.
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