ABSTRACT
The
purpose of this study was to determine the effect of strength
training on the arm strength of secondary schools students in Lagos state. An experimental research method was adopted in
carrying out the study. The four group pre test, post test research design was
used for this study. The students four groups were measured on their arm
strength and their scores were recorded. The population for this study consists
of all secondary schools
students in Yaba Local Government area of Lagos state. A total of thirty (40) participants were selected through a simple
random
sampling technique. Ten (10) students were selected randomly into the four groups
for the strength training exercises. The standardized instruments were used in conducting the pre test,
post test and also during the strength training exercises. The procedure to be
used was submitted to the project supervisor for vetting, correction and
approval before carrying out the experiment. Standardized test and instruments
were used in data collection during the study. The forty (40) students who formed the experimental group
performed the following strength training exercises for six weeks such as push
up, biceps curl, overhead press and flat bench press exercises. Their performance during the pre
test and post test were recorded on a record sheet. Data from the experiment conducted were
analyzed using the descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages.
While the hypotheses were tested using the inferential statistics of t-test and
tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The hypotheses tested were rejected. It
is concluded that push up exercise, biceps curl exercise,
overhead press exercise and flat bench press exercise have effect on the arm
strength of secondary school students in Lagos state. The study hereby
recommends that students should be encouraged to engage in strength training
exercise to improve their fitness level.
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGES
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Statement of
the problem 3
1.3 Purpose
of the study 4
1.4 Research question 4
1.5 Research Hypotheses 5
1.6
Significance of the study 6
1.7 Delimitation of the study 6
1.8 Limitation of the study
1.9 Definition of terms 7
CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concept of Physical Fitness 9
2.2 Component of Physical Fitness 14
2.3 Concept of Strength Training 23
2.4 Basic Principles of Strength
Training 25
2.5 Strength Training Exercises 25
2.6 Effect of strength training exercises
on the arm strength 50
CHAPTER THREE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Method 53
3.2
Research Design 54
3.3
Population 55
3.4
Sample and Sampling Techniques 55
3.5
Research Instrument 55
3.6
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 55
3.7
Procedure for Data Collection 55
3.8
Procedure for Data Analysis 55
CHAPTER FOUR : ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF
FINDINGS
4.1 Demographic Analysis of Participants 57
4.2 Testing of Hypotheses 58
4.3 Discussion of Findings 66
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 70
5.2 Conclusion 71
5.3
Recommendation 71
REFERENCES 73
APPENDIX 76
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Strength training
involve a manipulation of the number of repetitions (reps), sets, tempo,
exercises and force to cause desired changes in strength, endurance or size by
overloading of a group of muscles. The specific combinations of reps, sets,
exercises, resistance and force depend on the purpose of the individual
performing the exercise: to gain size and strength multiple (4+) sets with
fewer reps must be performed using more force. Exercise selection should be
limited to the basic foundational barbell movements such as the squat, bench
press, overhead press and bent-over row (Rønnestad, Egeland, Kvamme, Refsnes,
Kadi & Raastad, 2007).
Sports where strength training is central are bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, strongman, Highland games, shotput, discus
throw, and javelin
throw. Many other sports use strength training as part of
their training regimen, notably american
football, wrestling,
rugby, track
and field, rowing,
lacrosse, basketball,
poledancing (or polefitness) and hockey.
Strength training for other sports and physical activities is becoming
increasingly popular (Siff, 2003).
For developing endurance, gradual increases in volume and
gradual decreases in intensity is the most effective program. It has been shown
that for beginners, multiple-set training offers minimal benefits over
single-set training with respect to either strength gain or muscle mass
increase, but for the experienced athlete multiple-set systems are required for
optimal progress. However, one study shows that for leg muscles, three sets are
more effective than one set (Rønnestad, Egeland, Kvamme, Refsnes, Kadi &
Raastad, 2007).
Beginning weight-trainers are in the process of training the
neurological aspects of strength, the ability of the brain to generate a rate
of neuronal action
potentials that will produce a muscular contraction that is
close to the maximum of the muscle's potential. Exercises like sit-ups, or
abdominal crunches, performs less work than whole-body aerobic exercises
thereby expending fewer calories during exercise than jogging, for example.
Hypertrophy serves to maintain muscle mass, for an elevated basal metabolic rate, which has
the potential to burn more calories in a given period of time compared to
aerobics. This helps to maintain a higher metabolic rate which would otherwise
diminish after metabolic adaption to dieting, or upon completion of an aerobic
routine (Rønnestad, Egeland, Kvamme, Refsnes, Kadi & Raastad, 2007).
Weight loss also depends on the type of strength training
used. Weight training is generally used for bulking, but the bulking method
will more than likely not increase weight because of the diet involved.
However, when resistance or circuit training is used, because they are not
geared towards bulking, women tend to lose weight more quickly. Lean muscles
require calories to maintain themselves at rest, which will help reduce fat
through an increase in the basal metabolic rate. Strength
training is a safe form of exercise when the movements are controlled, and
carefully defined. However, as with any form of exercise, improper execution
and the failure to take appropriate precautions can result in injury. A helmet,
boots, gloves, and back belt can aide in injury prevention (Manninen, 2006).
1.2
Statement of Problem
In schools all
over the country it is important for students to develop good arm strength and
engage in strength training exercises as it helps to provide greater muscular
strength, improved muscle tone and appearance, increased endurance and enhanced
bone density.
In Nigerian
schools today, it is noticed that majority of students do not engage in
physical activities or exercise that would significantly build their arm
strength. The researcher therefore aims to identify the impact of strength
training exercise on the arm strength among these students.
There are however
numerous strength training exercise that might be done to improve the arm
strength of students at the secondary school level. Such exercises would
include push up, biceps curl, overhead press and flat bench press exercises as
they involve direct use of the arm. If these exercises are conducted properly
they might meaningfully increase the arm strength of secondary schools students
in Lagos state. This forms the main reason for carrying out this research work.
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose
of the study is to examine the effect of strength training on the arm strength
of secondary school students in Lagos state.
1.4
Research Questions
The following
research questions were raised and answered in the course of the study:
1. Will
push up exercise have effect on the arm strength of secondary school students
in Lagos state?
2. Will
biceps curl exercise have effect on the arm strength of secondary school
students in Lagos state?
3. Will
overhead press exercise have effect on the arm strength of secondary school
students in Lagos state?
4. Will
flat bench press exercise have effect on the arm strength of secondary school
students in Lagos state?
1.5
Research Hypotheses
The following
research hypotheses were tested in the study:
1. Push
up exercise will have no significant effect on the arm strength of secondary
school students in Lagos state.
2. Biceps
curl exercise will have no significant effect on the arm strength of secondary
school students in Lagos state.
3. Overhead
press exercise will have no significant effect on the arm strength of secondary
school students in Lagos state.
4. Flat
bench press exercise will have no significant effect on the arm strength of
secondary school students in Lagos state.
1.6
Significance of the Study
This study is of
important to the federal ministry of education, school sports administrators,
sports directors the school physical educator and coaches all over Nigeria in
making them understand the effect of strength training on the arm strength of
secondary school students in Lagos state. This study would also be important in
making the federal ministry of education and sports plan how to implement
several strength training exercises such as push up, biceps curl, overhead
press and flat bench press exercise to students in Nigerian secondary schools
in other to provide them with the benefits strength training provides.
This study would
also be important in providing necessary information to exercise physiologist
in addition to existing knowledge on strength training exercise with reference
to the Nigerian society.
1.7
Delimitation of the Study
This study was
delimited to the following;
1. All
secondary schools students in Yaba Local Government area of Lagos state.
2. Strength
training exercises such as push up, biceps curl, overhead press and flat bench
press exercises
3. The
use of t-test in analyzing data.
4. Testing
hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance.
1.8
Limitation of the Study
The limitation
that was encountered during the conduct of this research work was of getting
students to participate in the whole process of the experimental study. Hence
the school principal and coach was consulted to help provide students for the
study.
1.9
Definition of Terms
Cardiovascular fitness: This
refers to the efficiency of secondary school students in Lagos state hearts and
lungs.
Flexibility: The
capacity of secondary schools students in Lagos state joints or muscles around
the arm to move through its full range of motion.
Physical fitness: The
ability of secondary school students in Lagos state to carry out daily task
with enough vigor and alertness and still have energy in reserve for
emergencies.
Muscular Strength: The
amount of force secondary school students in Lagos state muscles can produce
with a single maximal effort.
Strength
Training: The exercise such as push up, biceps curl, overhead
press and flat bench press exercises done to improve the arm strength of
secondary school students in Lagos state.
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