ABSTRACT
This study investigated the Development of Radio Propagation pathloss model for Abia state GSM Environment. the inspiration for the study came from the complaint of some electronic communication professionals and the public that transmission services in the study area were unsatisfactory: using three extant propagation pathloss models; namely Okumuara- Hata , Cost 231 and Free space pathloss models were used to investigate the effects of pathloss on service Quality.to properly situate the work and ascertain the Knowledge gap it will fill, relevant literature was reviewed .Experimental setup were carried out for data collections through a drive test, computer simulations using MATLAB were done. results of the analysis were carefully outlined in tables and figures, based on the mathematical models, of the test environment at 900MHz and 1800MHz were carried out for Abia stae GSM Environment. The results show that the measured path loss has low path loss value variations with that of different path loss models used in this study. The average path loss for Ubakala, Umuahia and Aba are 143.09dB, 140.08dB and 151.45dB respectively while the average path loss for Free Space Path Loss model, Okumura-Hata model and COST-231 model are 315.13dB, 371.96dB and 464.93dB which are suitable for radio propagation path loss model development for Abia State GSM Environments using the three extant models mentioned above due to differences in environment terrain under study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication Iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Plates xi
List of Abbreviation xiii
Abstract
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Thesis 3
1.4 Scope of the Thesis 4
1.5 Significance of the Study 4
1.6 Organization of the Research
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Historical Background 6
2.2 Basics in Propagation Path Loss Model 10
2.3 Path Loss Models 11
2.3.1 Pathloss Free space
2.3.2 Free-space Path Loss 12
2.3.3 Propagation mechanisms of Path Loss Models 13
2.4 Multi-Path Propagation
2.5 Classification of environment in Radio Mobile Network 17
2.5.1 Radio Mobile Network comparisons 18
2.6 Path Loss Propagation Predicting 18
2.7 Mobile Radio Propagation Models 19
2.7.1 Okumura model 20
2.7.2 Hata model 22
2.7.3 Cost 231 model 23
2.7.4 Okumura-Hata Model (OH) 24
2.7.5 Expression for Okumura-Hata Model 25
2.8 Wireless Communication 25
2.8.1 Elements of a basic wireless communication system 25
2.8.2 Advantages of wireless communication 27
2.8.3 Disadvantages of wireless communication 27
2.8.4 Example of offline communication 28
2.9 Classification of wireless 28
2.10 Wireless technology applications 29
2.11 GSM Technology 29
2.11.1 The evolution of Wireless Mobile Communication (GSM) 31
2.11.1.1 First-generation (1G) networks 33
2.11.1.2 Second-generation (2G) networks 34
2.11.1.3 Third-generation (3G) networks 36
2.11.1.4 Fourth-generation mobile networks 38
2.12 Radio Communication 40
2.12.1 Basic requirement of radio communication 41
2.12.2 Distribution of radio waves 42
2.13 Wireless Transmission 44
2.14 Noise 48
2.14.1 Antennas 48
2.14.2 Antennas used in mobile communication 51
2.15 Review of Related Literature 54
2.16 Identified Knowledge Gaps 65
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Materials 67
3.2 Method of Data Collection 67
3.3 Choice of Propagation Environment 68
3.4 Block Diagram of the System 72
3.5 Experimental Setup and Data Collection 73
3.6 Free Space Path Loss Model 76
3.7 Okumura Model 79
3.8 Hata Model 80
3.9 Cost-231 Model 83
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Simulated Result for Received Signal Strength and Path Loss 86
4.1.1 Analysis of received signal strength and path loss in Aba
4.1.2 Analysis of received signal strength level and path loss in Umuahia
4.1.3 Analysis of received signal strength level and path loss in Ubakala
4.1.4 Analysis of received signal strength level in Aba, Umuahia and Ubakala
4.1.5 Analysis of path loss in aba, Umuahia and Ubakala
4.1.6 Determination of different path loss models at a carrier frequency of 900MHz
4.1.7 Determination of different path loss models at a carrier frequency of 1800MHz
4.2 Matlab Simulation Code
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 86
5.1 Conclusion 100
5.2 Recommendations 101
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge 101
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Comparison table for the network generations 33
2.2 Frequency bands, range, propagation methods and their applications. 43
3.1 Free space path loss and distance at a carrier frequency of 900MHz 78
3.2 Free space path loss and distance at a carrier frequency of 1800MHz 79
3.3 Okumura - hata path loss and distance at a carrier frequency
of 900MHz 82
3.4 Okumura - hata path loss and distance at a carrier frequency
of 1800MHz 83
3.5 Cost-231 path loss and distance at a carrier frequency of 900MHz 84
3.6 Cost-231 path loss and distance at a carrier frequency of 1800MHz 85
4.1 Measured values of received signal strength (RSSL) and pathloss at Aba. 86
4.2 Measured values of received signal strength (RSSL) and pathloss at Umuahia. 88
4.3 Measured values of received signal strength level (RSSL) and
pathloss at Ubakala 90
4.4 Different path loss models at frequency of 900MHz. 95
4.5 Different path loss models at frequency of 1800MHz. 97
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Diagram represents reflection (r), diffraction (d) and scattering 15
2.2 Block diagram of a communication system. 41
3.1 Block diagram of the system. 72
4.1 Graph of distance against received signal strength in aba. 87
4.2 Graph of distance against path loss in aba. 87
4.3 Graph of distance against received signal strength level in Umuahia. 89
4.4 Graph of distance against path loss in Umuahia. 89
4.5 Graph of distance against received signal strength level in Ubakala. 91
4.6 Graph of distance against path loss in Ubakala. 92
4.7 Graph of received signal strength level in Aba, Umuahia and Ubakala. 93
4.8 Graph of path loss in aba, Umuahia and Ubakala. 94
4.9 Graph of distance against different path loss models at 900MHz. 96
4.10 Graph of distance against different path loss models at 1800MHz. 98
4.11 Graph of different path loss models and measured path loss. 98
LIST OF PLATES
2.1 Path loss diagram between Tx and Rx 11
2.2 The free space pathloss 13
2.3 Path loss due to ionospheric absorption losses 15
2.4 The multi-path propagation diagram here illustrates reflection plane 15
2.5 Propagation component between base station and mobile station
2.6 The possible propagation paths from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna.
2.7 The simplex communication 45
2.8 The half-duplex communication 46
2.9 The full-duplex communication 46
2.10 Point to point communication 47
2.11 Omnidirectional antenna 50
2.12 Directional antenna 51
2.13 Dipole antenna 51
2.14 Yagi antenna 52
2.15 Horn antenna 52
2.16 Parabolic antenna 53
2.17 Microwave radio relay antenna 54
3.1 The aerial view of aba north. 69
3.2 The aerial view of aba south 70
3.3 The aerial view of the cities Umuahia and Ubakala 71
3.4 BSIC- M113 for Umuawa-Alaoch Umuahia 74
3.5 BSIC-M03 Aba Owerri Road Aba 75
3.6 BSIC-M116 Amachara Ubakala 76
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AM Amplitude Modulation
AF Audio Frequency
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
ANN Artificial Neural Network
BS Base Station
BTS Base Transceiver Station
COST Comparative for Scientific and Technical Research
dB Decibel
DML Digital Mobile License
EDGE Enhanced Data GSM Environment
EURO-COST European Comparative for Scientific and Technical Research
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
FM Frequency Modulation
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
GHz Gigahertz
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
HSOPA High Speed OFDM Packet Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
PC Personal Computer
PSK Phase Shift Keying
ITU International Telecommunication Union
KHz Kilohertz
LAN Local Area Network
LOS Line of Sight
LTE Long Term Evolution
NCC Nigerian Communication Commission
N.E.T Nigeria External Telecommunications Limited
NEEDS National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy
NITEL Nigeria Telecommunication Limited
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NTT Nippon Telegraph And Telephone
MHz Millihertz
MLP Multilayer Perception
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MS Mobile Station
MTN Mobile Telecommunication Nigeria
MWBA Mobile Wireless Broadband Access
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
P & T Post and Telecommunications
PMR Private Mobile Radio
QoS Quality of Service
RF Radio Frequency
RMSE Root Mean Square Error
RSSL Received-Signal Strength Level
Rx Receiver
SNO Second National Operator
TACS Total Access Communication System
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TEMS Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System
THz Terahertz
Tx Transmitter
UASL Unified Access Service License
UHF Ultrahigh Frequency
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
USB Universal Serial Board
VHF Very High Frequency
WAP Wireless Application Protocol
WiFi: Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Radio Propagation Path Loss Model is an essential device which characterizes the quality of mobile communication, it ensures efficient radio coverage and network optimization. Propagation path loss model has great impact on the quality of services delivered by mobile communication companies. Accurate determination of propagation path loss leads to the development of efficient design, operation of high quality and capacity network. With a proper propagation path loss model, the area of coverage of a mobile communication system, the Received-Signal Strength Level (RSSL), and the Empirical and calculated may be determined or compared easily Ogbulezie et al., (2013). In developed nations, there is no doubt therefore that electronic communication scholars must have paid attention to issues or parts therefore in the present study. Radio mobile communication has been in use since, the early eighties of the 19th century investigation like the one discussed in this research have already been carried out and various propagation models and model performance are adopted in those countries. In Nigeria the area of this study the modem radio mobile communication, also known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) started its commercial application in 2001, This makes the concerns of the present environment and will be of great interest. In addition, the specific areas of this study are unique and have not been studied by any other scholar to the best of the knowledge of the present researcher.
Mobile communication network subscribers expect more services from their network service providers apart from just making or receiving calls from their mobile devices through transmitted signals Umar et al (2014).
It is against this background that a modified Radio propagation pathloss model is simulated using MatLab 7.0 to solve the problems of wireless network design in Abia state GSM environment, using two primary cities, namely Aba, Umuahia and then a semi urban area Ubakala in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The quality of radio coverage of any wireless network design is dependent on the exactness of the propagation model through which the network is created. Also, the terrain or the topography of the site which the network design has adopted ought to be taken into account in order to obtain high quality radio coverage for any wireless network design. In general, from research and common observation, a radio network may be characterized with high path loss during propagation that will result to low quality of services. The poor Quality of Service (QoS) include frequent call failures, voice echo during radio conversation, inconsistent interconnectivity to and from other licensed networks, congestion and distortion of network services.
There is a general complaint by some professionals and the members of the Nigerian public that the techniques applied for feasibility studies, initial deployment and the monitoring of radio coverage in Nigeria mobile communication area is not inconsistent because the distance measured is not always accurate, the road paths are followed instead of the geographical crow flies or straight line. This has negatively influenced the quality of service (QoS) produced by the network providers in Nigeria.
Hence, there is need to ascertain the variations suitable for the development of Radio propagation model in the area of study using the three extant models to account for not just the distance to and from of the base station (BS) but also the geographical terrain, this is the problem while this study has positioned itself to address.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS
The aim of this study is to ascertain variations in values suitable; using three extant models-Okumara-Hata, Cost231 and free space pathloss for the development of radio propagation pathloss model in Abia State GSM environment.
The main objectives of this research work are:
i. To review the current state of art in existing radio propagation model for wireless network in GSM environment in Abia State.
ii. To employ different method to establish the received signal strength level for the GSM environment under study.
iii. To simulate the empirical pathloss models and the experimental pathloss result.
iv. To compare the simulated empirical pathloss results with that of experimental pathloss results.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE THESIS
The scope of the Research is limited to finding suitable values for accurate development of radio propagation pathloss model for Abia state G.S.M. Environment using Okumara-Hata, Cost231 and Free Space pathloss models on three different sites namely Ubakala, Aba and Umuahia as the choice of environment knowing that the frequency range of Hata’s model is between 150MHz and 1500MHz. With this in mind modeling for a village were skipped, because 9000MHz will be too much for a village and the ideal 1800MHz is not within the scope of the three extant models.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The wireless radio channel (Network) puts fundamental limitations to performance of wireless communication system. Hence an important need to develop a radio propagation model for Abia State G.S.M. Network environment having in mind that as subscribers increases in any network, consideration for expansion in Network infrastructure and planning becomes imperative, as to show high quality radio coverage for any wireless network design. In line with the recent technological advancement in wireless communication system modeling the radio network will be done empirically using Matlab simulation to show the developed radio model for increased quality of service of mobile wireless network in Abia state as the study area.
1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH
Chapter one presents the introduction and background information of the study.
Chapter two presents reviews of different literatures within the topic of study.
Chapter three presents the research methodology, processes leading to the development of radio propagation pathloss model for Abia state GSM Environment. It also describes the simulation carried out in MATLAB.
Chapter four presents the simulated results and discussion.
Chapter Five, finally presents the Research conclusion, recommendations for future study and the contribution the study has made to the scholarship of electronic communication Engineering.
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