ABSTRACT
Groundnut shelling machine was designed and fabricated at the
department of Mechanical Engineering, institute of Technology, Kwara State
Polytechnic Ilorin aimed at increasing shelling/decorticating efficiency and
eliminating drudgery associated with the traditional method of -shelling groundnut
and other developed method such as pedal operated methods. The machine is
powered by a 1.5 horse power motor at a speed of 1440 revolution per minute.
Performance investigation carried out show a good performance of the machine
with decorticating efficiency, undecorticating efficiency, machine damage
efficiency, cleaning efficiency and output capacity of 92%, 7.5°k, 3%, 85% and
120kg/hour respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Approval
Page ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of
content vi
List of
Figures vii
Nomenclature
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Project 3
1.3 Justification of the Project 3
1.4 Working Principle 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 6
2.1 Methodology 7
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Selection of materials Used 8
3.2 Beater Assembly 13
3.3 The Sieve 14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Design Analysis 15
4.1 First Stage Design Consideration in New
Machine 15
4.2 What is design 15
4.3 Why do we Design 18
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Design Calculator 20
5.1 Decorticating Unit Housing 20
5.2 Fan Blades 20
5.3 Pulleys 20
5.4 Design Calculations 20
5.5 Speed Ratio Analysis 21
5.6 Moment of inertia 21
5.7 Calculation of torque 22
5.8 Calculation of machine Drive power 2
3
5.9 Tension in the Belt 23
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Advantage 28
6.1 Disadvantage 28
6.2 Application 28
6.3 Maintenance 28
6.4 Autonomous Maintenance Activity 29
6.5 Cleaning 29
6.6 Cleaning is Inspection 30
6.7 Cleaning Process 30
6.8 Visual AIDS to Maintain Correct Equipment
Condition 30
6.9 Adjust and Minor Repair 31
6.9.1 Adjust and Minor Sequences 31
6.9.2 The Path to perfect Safety 32
6.9.3 Chronic Defects 32
6.9.4 Equipment Improvement 32
6.9.5 Equipment Responsibilities of Operator 33
6.9.6 Precautions and safety measures 33
6.9.7 Precaution 34
6.9.8 Safety Measures 34
6.9.9 Recommendation for school 34
6.9.10 Conclusion 34
Reference 36
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig . 1 Isometric view of Groundnut shelling machine
Fig 2 Side view of Groundnut shelling machine
Fig 3 Orthographic
of Groundnut shelling machine
Fig 4 Front
view of Groundnut shelling machine
Fig 5 Groundnut shelling machine
NOMENCLATURES
Quantity Symbol Unit
Power of
Electric Motor P watts
Rotational
speed of driver shaft Nr rpm
Rotational
speed of driver shaft Nn rpm
Torsional
moment Mt Nm
Bending
moment on shaft Mb Nm
Combined
shock and fatigue
Factor
applied to bending moment Kb -
Combined
shock and fatigue factor
Applied to
torsional moment Ki
Diameter
of shaft Ds mm
Allowable
stress Ss N/mm2
Speed of
driven pulley Sn rad/sec
Speed of
driver pulley Sr rad/sec
Length of
shaft Ls mm
Weight of
beater assembly Wb N
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Groundnut is grown
mainly in the Northern parts and middle belt of Nigeria. Today we see
photographs of pyramids of groundnut taken during the colonial era which has
since then disappeared. Some schools of thought attributed this to quite a
number of local industries now utilizing them which before were stored as
pyramid waiting for export. The Government of Nigeria through its Agricultural
programme has seen the need to explore to grow crops including groundnut for
many reasons including:
i. Meeting local
consumption needs
ii. Stop importation and
conserve fund for other uses:
iii. Meeting local
industrial uses
iv. Earn foreign exchange
through export
v. Create huge
employment of the citizen
Groundnut of
botanical name Arachis hypogea belongs to the family leguminous. It is a
herbaceous plant of which there are two major varieties, bunch and runner.
Bunch varieties, common in the United States, grow 30-46cm high and do not
spread. Runner varieties, the most common in West African, are shorter and
spreads along the ground for 30-60cm. it is grown as an annual crop on about 19
million hectares in tropical regions and warmer areas of temperature regions of
the world, principally for its edible oil and protein rich kernel or seeds,
borne in pods, which develops and mature below the soil surface. (Asiodu, 1989)
Large cultivation of
any agricultural product will also be faced with post harvest challenges.
Generally, post harvest handling involves some transforming of the harvested
products into materials stored and preserved for further processing. In the
case of groundnut that is harvested as pods, it is dried and then processed by
shelling/decorticating it to kernels for all users.
Traditional methods
of shelling groundnut are done using hand with finger tips or using mortar and
pestle. Whichever method is used, it is associated with drudgery, pains at the
joints and blistering of fingers. The quality of kernels is mainly determined
by the percentage of whole undamaged kernel.
The factor among
others has mad the decortications of groundnut an important process that must
be developed to enhance value addition and also remove human efforts and also
remove human efforts and associated difficulties when using traditional method
of shelling such as losses labour intensity, time consuming and low output
capacity.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
In our country due
to heavy cultivation of groundnut there is a need of shelling the ground nuts
and obtaining the peanuts in safe, fast and economic form. The agricultural
industries in our country heavy machines to do the same but the farmers in
rural areas and in small industries its necessary to have a economical and high
efficiency machine which can easy bark the groundnut shell, to get this done
many machines are use some are universal nutsheler, rubbertyersheller etc.
Hence we, the group
of our class found the need of designing and manufacturing such a system will
make the peanuts easily come out from
its shell and the peanuts too not get broken while the shelling is taking
place.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE
PROJECT
Our design improves
on the prior art because it is inexpensive, small scale, and does not need
outside help to build. The materials and tools are readily available and do not
require communication with external parties to be built.
Big commercial
systems are simply too expensive of our target market. Even the hand cranked
machines cost upwards from £130.
The Malian peanut
Sheller is also a good low cost alternative but it requires the builder to have
molds to make the concrete components. If the builder has access to fiberglass
materials to make molds out of, it is easy for him to build the device. If he
does not have access and buy the molds at through the United States, which may
be very expensive. We aim to eliminate the need for molds and the need for
outside parties. Our machine requires no foreign assistance at all. It can be
built using local materials by the local craftsmen. There is no need for
builders to communicate and interact with foreign parties.
Our approach to
solving the peanut shelling problem is to use the concept of the rubber tire
design but make it affordable and easy to build with locally accessible
materials. The machine itself is very easy to build, and requires few skills
besides basic carpentry. Our concept does away with costs and complexity of is
simple; extruded steel and other common components are easy to find. The
concept is simple and the design is modular. So it can be expanded of higher
through put is desired. Locally accessible materials may differ in different
regions. So our design can be adapted to use different materials. The second
component of our system is a device that separates the shelled kernels from the
shells. Prior designs for separation equipment use forced air to carry the
shells away from the kernels. Since forced air requires complex fan units and
extra power. We designed a separation machine that does not depend on air
currents. Our design uses the gravity property of the kernels to separate them from
the husks. The round kernels to separate to the shell fragments. Which are flat
and may have fibers sticking out at the broken edges. Our separator places the
combined kernels and shells onto an inclined plane where the round kernels roll
down the plane, and the shell fragments stick on the sloped.
1.4 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The peanut sheller
is made of a used tire mounted in a metal housing with a concave wire screen
bottom. As the wheel is rotated the nuts enter the space between the tire and
the screen. In operation, groundnut in the hopper is fed into the clearance
between the rubber tire and the concave while the rubber tire is turning. The
groundnut is then shelled by rubbing action between the rubber tire and the
wire mesh. After the groundnut has been shelled, the kernel and the shell fall
through the wire mash into a collecting pan separation of the shell from the
kernel has to be done separately.
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