ABSTRACT
The traditional methods
of threshing of crops are inefficient, laborious, and time consuming and low
output. The existing fabricated machine was observed during preliminary testing
to have low performance. In the light of the above mentioned problems, there is
need to modify and testing multi-crop thresher to threshed grain at optimum
speed. The threshing machine consist of the following component: Hopper, frame,
beater, sieve, pulley, grain outlet and chaff outlet. The factors considered in
this project work was feed rate at two levels of 2 level and were replicated
twice (f1=2kg, f2=3kg) at a constant speed of 300rpm. The
parameters under investigation were threshing efficiency, unthreshed
efficiency, and breakage efficiency. The result revealed that themachine has a
threshing efficiency, untrhreshed efficiency, and breakage efficiency of 90.1%,
9.5%, and 20.1% for feed rate 2kg and 90.9%, 9.1% and 14.11% for feed rate 3kg
respectively. The time taken for 2kg and 3kg was 50.2sec and 43sec, the
throughput capacity for 2kg was 143kg|hr and 3kg was 167kg|hr respectively. The
feed rate of 3kg favors the machine performance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract v
Table
of contents vi-ix
List
of figures x
List
of plates xi
List
of tables’ xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study 1
1.2
Problem statement 2
1.3
Aims and objectives 3
1.4
Justification 3
1.5
Scope of the project 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Threshing Process 5
2.2 Agronomy of selected crops 6
2.2.1 Maize crop 6
2.2.3 Guinea corn 6
2.3 Post Harvest loss on grain 7
2.4 Factors Affecting Threshing 7
2.5 Methods of Threshing 8
2.5.1 Local Methods of Threshing 8
2.5.1.1 Manual Method of grain 8
2.5.1.2 Threshing with animal or vehicle 9
2.5.1.3 Threshing with hand driven machine 9
2.5.2 Modern method of threshing 9
2.5.2.1 Em-bee power thresher 10
2.5.2.2 Midget thresher 10
2.5.2.3 FGN pedal operated thresher 11
2.5.2.4 NCAM Multi-crop thresher 11
2.6 Review on exiting work on threshing
machine 11
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Modified Areas 14
3.2 Description of the multi-crop thresher 14
3.3 Design consideration 18
3.4 Design Analysis and calculation 18
3.4.1 Design hopper 18
3.4.2 Design for power requirement 19
3.4.3 Design for shaft 21
3.4.4 Pulley design 23
3.4.5
Belt design 24
3.4.6
Design for motor seat 24
3.4.7 Bearing selection 25
3.5 Materials selection 26
3.6 Fabrication procedure and assembly 26
3.6.1 Hopper 26
3.6.2 Frame 27
3.6.3 Threshing unit 27
3.6.4 Driven unit 27
3.6.5 Winnowing unit 27
3.6.6 Grain outlet 28
3.6.7 Shaft outlet 28
3.7 Principle of operation 28
3.8 Test Performance 28
3.8.1 Source of materials 28
3.8.2 Sample preparation 29
3.8.3 Experimental procedure 29
3.8.4 Output parameter 29
3.8.4.1 Threshing efficiency 29
3.8.4.2 Unthreshed efficiency 29
3.8.4.3 Throughput capacity 29
3.8.4.4 Determination of threshing throughput capacity 30
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result 31
4.2 Discussion 32
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 33
5.2 Recommendation 34
References 35
Appendices
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
Cowpea is a grain
legumes appears to have originated from west-African, very widely in Nigeria
were there are many wild weedy species in both savanna and forest zone (Steel,
1992).Cowpeas are now widely distributed throughout the tropics and
sub-tropics. They are grown in India, south eastern Asia, and Australia the
Caribbean, southern united state and throughout the low land tropical Africa.
Nigeria alone produces 61% (760000 tones) of the world total production
(Irtwange 2009). Despite this figures, Nigeria continues to suffer from hunger
and malnutrition. This is because the rate that of population growth is
exceeded the rate of food production with a consequent decline in per capital
food intake (Irtwange 2009). This call for the need to step up food production.
Grain,
according to Okaka (2004) is fruit of cultivated grasses belonging to the
family of monocotyledonous, gramineace. The principle cereal grain of the world
includes wheat, beans, sorghum, rice and maize. Agriculture commodities are
consumed as food and grains contributed to the bulk of the country’s calories
and protein. The world grain is broadly used to indicate cereals and pulses.
Grain however can be grown extensively for food and the fast growing
agricultural based industries. They are used in either fresh form or dried
form. Dried grains are preferred for
industrial uses. The major processing methods used in preparing grain are dry
milling wet milling and malting (Olatunji,2000).
Maize
(zeamays) is cereal crops that are grown widely throughout the world in a range
of agro ecological environments more maize is produced annually than any other
grains. About 50 species exist and consist of different colors, texture and
grain shapes and seize, white yellow and red are most common types. The white
and yellow varieties are preferred by most people depending on the region maize
was introduced into Africa the 1500s and since become one of African dominant
food crop. The grains are rich in vitamin A, C, and E carbohydrates and
essential minerals and contain 99% protein. They are also rich in dietary fiber
and calories which are good source of energy (Adeokoma2001).
The
major steps involves in the processing of maizeare harvesting, drying,
de-husking, shelling, storage and milling. For rural framers to maximize profit
from the maize, appropriate technology that suites thresher needmust be used.
The processing of the agricultural product like maize into quality form not
only prolong thesheff life of these product but also increase the net profit
the farmer make from mechanization technology of such product.(okaka 2004). Guinea corn (sorghum) is a cereal
grain that originated in Africa and is eaten throughout the world. It is
especially valuable in arid terrain because of its resistance to drought, guinea
corn is a nutrient rich grain that is often grand into flour to make bread,
porridge and pancake including it diet offers a number of nutritional and the
rapeutic benefit guinea corn contain 163calories protein, carbohydrate, fat
content minerals, the one nutritional highlight of guinea corn is its mineral
content. Adequate intake of iron support the transportation of oxygen in the
body system and helps to promote cell growth and development of potassium helps
to maintain fluid balance, and high intake in food blood pressure according to
American heart association (Purseglove, 2007).
1.2 Problem Statement
Traditional
threshing method do not support large- scale threshing of grains especially for
commercial purposes. Locally in Nigeria the region that is the highest producer
of grain like maize is the northern part of the country it was observed that
the most threshing of grainwasdone by hand shelling. Hand threshing take a lot
of time, even with some hand operated simple tools, it was also observed in the
study area, most mechanical threshers were designed for multi grain threshing
or shelling, which causes great damage to the grain seed besides breaking the
maize cob to pieces the available Shellerwere locally equipped with rotating
threshing drum with beater or teeth which cause damages to the seed. Besides,
the costs of purchasing such thresher were high for poor rural farmer and
therefore necessitated the design of low cost system that will be affordable
and also increases threshing efficiency but reduce damage done to the seed
(Ogunwede,2003).
1.3 Aims and objectives of the Study
The main aim of this project is to produce clean grain from multi crop
thresher for small scale farmers. The specific objectives are to:
i.
Design the sieve, blower and electric motor seat.
ii.
To evaluate the machine in term of threshing
efficiency, unthreshed efficiency, breakage efficiency and through put capacity
of the machine.
1.4 Justification
of the Study
The
modification and performance evaluation of this project will reduce the quantity
of crops blowing out of the outlet, will enhance good quality product, will
reduce or eliminate drudgery compare to traditional methods of threshing and
also large quantity of grain will be threshed within a very short time.
1.5The Scope of the Project
Cereals
are widely cultivated in Nigeria; this study is limited to the threshing of maize.
. Maize otherwise known as corn is important to the economy due to its wide
range of users. Maize is primarily used as feed for livestock, suggesting the
dependence of livestock industry or corn product. Its also used to create a
variety of food and non-food product such as corn meals, sweetener, corn oil,
starch and ethanol which is used as cleaner burning alternative to gasoline.
Factors consider was feed rate at two levels and speed at one level and were
replicated twice. The parameters under investigation were threshing efficiency,
unthreshed efficiency and breakage efficiency.
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