ABSTRACT
Generally, blind
people use a traditional cane (known as white cane) for moving from one place
to other. Although, white cane is the international symbol of blindness, it
could help them to detect place and to avoid obstacles. In this paper, we
represent a model of walking stick for blind people. It consists of Arduino,
ultrasonic sensor and buzzer. This stick can detect place and obstacles.
Position detection part is done with ultrasonic sensor is used for detecting
obstacles. Here, the buzzer produces two types of sound. When the blind reaches
to his destination, buzzer buzzes continuously. When the blind faces any
obstacles, buzzer buzzes discontinuously. By hearing this two types of sound,
blind can be confirmed about his destination and also can avoid obstacles in
front of him. The whole system is designed to be small, light and is used in
conjunction with the white cane so that it could ensure safety of the blind.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Declaration
ii
Certification iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract
vi
Table
of Content vii
List
of Tables x
List
of Figures xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of
the study 1
1.2 Statement of
problem 2
1.3 Aims of the
study 3
1.4 Significance of
the study 3
1.5 Scope of the
study 4
1.6 Purpose of the
study 4
1.7 Operational
Definition of terms 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
of Blindness 6
2.2 Review
of the Study 7
2.3
Description of Arduino 9
2.4 Description of Sensor 10
2.5 Sensor Operation 12
2.6 Buzzer 14
2.7
Vibration 14
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY / MATERIAL
3.1 Materials
15
3.1.1 Tools
Used 15
3.1.2 Mechanical
Material 15
3.1.3 Electrical
Components 16
3.2 System
Block Diagram 17
3.3 Cost
Analysis 19
3.4 System
Circuit Diagram 20
3.5 Design
Outline 21
3.7 Design
Procedure 22
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT & CONCLUSION
4.1 Results
/ Picture of finished work 23
4.2 Operating
principle 24
4.3 Maintenance 24
4.4 Troubleshooting
25
4.5 Precaution 25
4.6 Assembling
Of Section 26
4.7 Mounting
Procedure 27
4.8 Testing 28
4.9 Result
Analysis 29
4.10 Economy
of the Project 29
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
30
5.2 Recommendation
31
5.3 Limitation
32
REFERENCE 33
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study
Eyes are the most important sense of
organ in human. We perceive up to 80 percent of all impressions by means of our
sight. According to the 2014 statistics of World Health Organization, 285
million people are estimated to be visually impaired worldwide, 39 million are
blind and 246 have low vision. The people with low vision or no vision suffer
from various problems. The mobility and orientation are two of them. The traditional and oldest mobility aids for
the blind are the white cane and guide dog (Sharf,
1998). As white cane is the international symbol of blindness, the visual
presence of white cane helps to understand others that the user is blind. It
also helps the blind to reach their destination and avoid obstacles in ground
but it could not protect him from all level of obstacles. On the other hand,
Guide dog is able to detect and analyze complex situations. For improving this
traditional walking aid, here, GPS based walking stick with obstacle detecting
sensor for the blind is proposed and developed. (Marukatat, 2010).
A number of navigation systems for
aiding the blind have been developed already. (Magatani, 2001). This developed system can be categorized into two
groups. The first group is Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs) and the second group
is Electronic Orientation Aids (EOAs). (Bourbaks,
2010). ETAs are designed to create a safe journey by detecting obstacles
using ultrasonic and proximity sensor. EOAs are designed to detect place using
GPS and location based service. (.
Sakhare, 2011).
Based on the above mentioned Electronic
aids, A GPS based blind stick with ultrasonic and proximity sensor for detecting
obstacle was developed. (Chumkamon, 2008).
A mobility aid for the blind and partially sighted people which is linked with
a GPS module to pin point location of the user was also created. (Alshbatat, 2013). This aid also used ultrasound sensor for
detecting obstacles. Another system for detecting obstacles was created. (Marukatat, 2010) It was a wheeled
stick. When it detected obstacles, it automatically steered around and made the
user to follow the obstacles free path without any conscious effort. (Shoval, 2003).
1.2 State of the Problem
Blindness is becoming prevalence (WHO) in the
society today, due to many environmental and biological factors. The population
of the blind is increasing alongside the burden associated with it to the individual
and care givers to ensure mobility. These blind rely completely on other people
for mobility. This restrict their ability to move and get involved in certain
recreational activity, this forms the basis of the project to aid their
dependence on the blind people
1.3 Aims/Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General
Objective
The main aim of this project is to design and
construct an electronic blind walking stick using arduino and sensor
1.3.2 Specific Objective
1. To construct an equipment that is
affordable
2. To construct an equipment that is
effective and beneficial to the blind and the department of biomedical
engineering technology
3. To construct an equipment using
locally made component that will serve the same purpose as that made outside
the country
1.4 Significance of the Study
According
to the WHO, about 30 million people are estimated to be permanently blind
worldwide. These people are totally dependent on others. They even cannot walk
on their own. We have created designed and built an “Ultrasonic Blind Walking
Stick” device which will help blind people to walk with ease independently.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This
project is limited to the design and construction of
Electronic
blind walking stick using arduino and sensor
1.6 Purpose of the Study
The purposes are as follows:
1.
To detect obstacles with the stick.
2.
To ensure safe walking of the
blind.
3.
To help the blind to reach his
destination safely and securely.
4.
To create a cheap and comfortable
mobility aid for the blind.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Walking Stick: Walking stick also known as (White Cane), is a
device used to facilitate walking for fashion or for defensive reason. White
Cane is used by many people who are blind or visually impaired. Primarily its purpose
is to scan their surrounding for obstacles.
Blind:
Is defined as the state of being sightless. A blind
individual is unable to see. The word blindness denotes the inability of a
person to distinguish darkness from bright light in either eye.
Arduino: Is an open source platform
used for building digital device and interactive object that can sense and
control object in the physical world.
Ultrasonic Sensor is a device that can
measure the distance to an object by using sound waves. It measures distance by
sending out sound waves at a specific frequency and listening for that sound
wave to bounce back. The ultrasonic Sensor sends out a high frequency sound pulse
and then times long it takes for the echo of the sound to reflect back.
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