ABSTRACT
This project presents the model of an electronics training module which uses 555 timer Ic, Op-amp, transistors and other basic electronic components to provide its users an interactive, effective and practical experience in electronics. The training module is built to give the user several practical experiences with electronics circuits through the use of components such as fixed resistors, variable resistors, capacitors, LEDs, NPN transistor, PNP transistor, voltage regulators NE555 timer IC, ua741 Operational amplifier, light dependent resistor, diode, transformer and a breadboard to enable interconnection with external components. This project upon completion was tested and the result shows that most electrical principles and laws such as Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws, ohms law, potential divider rules, R-c circuit characteristics among others can be verified. However, basic electronics circuits including oscillators, comparators, amplifiers, and Schmitt triggering circuits can also be implemented. Furthermore this work can be modified to incorporate a digital electronics training platform for the practice of digital logic designs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page i
Title Page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Table of Contents vii-viii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abstract ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information 1-2
1.2 Scope of this Project 2
1.3 Statement of Problem 2-3
1.4 Significance of the Project 3
1.5 Aim and Objective of the Project 4
1.5 Report Organization 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Historical Background 4-6
2.2 Theoretical Background 6-11
2.3 Existing Method 11
2.3.1 Lecture 11-12
2.3.2 Practical 12
2.4 Innovation 12-13
2.5 Summary of the Review 13
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 14
3.1.1 NE555IC 14-15
3.1.2 Capacitor 15
3.1.3 Resistors 16
3.1.4 Transistors 16
3.1.5 Light emitting diodes (LED) 17
3.1.6 Switches 17
3.1.7 Transformer 18
3.1.8 Breadboard 18
3.1.9 UA741 operational amplifier 19
3.1.10 Casing 19
3.2 Methods 19
3.2.1 Block diagram of an electronic training module 20
3.2.1.1 Power supply unit 20-21
3.2.1.2 Discrete component unit 21-22
3.2.1.3 Terminal block unit 22
3.2.1.4 The external workspace unit 22
3.3 Method of Construction 23
3.3.1 Design of the surface template 23
3.3.2 Construction of the discrete components unit 24
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results 25
4.1.1 Testing of the discrete component unit 25-29
4.2 Power Supply Unit 29-30
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 31
REFERENCE 32-33
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
4.1 Resistors test result 26
4.2 Capacitors test result 27
4.3 Light dependent resistor test result 27
4.4 Diode test result 28
4.5 Light emitting diodes test result 28
4.6 Transistor test result 28
4.7 Voltage regulator test result 29
4.8 Transformer test result 29
4.9 Power supply unit output voltage at varied input AC supply 30
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 NE 555IC 15
3.2 Capacitor 15
3.3 Resistor 16
3.4 Transistor 16
3.5 Light emitting diode 17
3.6 Switch 17
3.7 Transformer 18
3.8 Breadboard 18
3.9 UA741 op-amp 19
3.10 Block diagram of an electronic training module 20
3.11 Diagram of the power supply unit 21
3.12 Design template surface 23
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
There have been continuous quest for man to improve his wellbeing through reaction to problems and challenges posed by his environment, academics and otherwise. Over the year’s electronics and computer communication has gained much attention and has also grown tremendously, reducing big and expensive mainframe equipment into small affordable devices. In the same vein, we have been witnessing technological development in the use of IC (integrated circuit) as well as advances in industrial technology. Hence, in a bid to provide more understanding on this ever-evolving field, the inherent benefits in the use of an electronics training module for learning, teaching or practicing electronics cannot be overemphasized.
An electronics training module is equipment which comes with electronics components installed either as individual units or in discrete blocks. The terminals of these components are usually extended to provide a means by which these components or blocks may be interconnected through the use of cables in other to achieve a complete circuitry. This project aims at producing a training module which will provide its users an enabling environment to perform basic electronic experiments such as timers and counters, pulse generation, oscillation, ripple filtering, clocking, multi-vibrators, comparators, amplification, verification of electrical/ electronic rules, laws and theorems, switching, among other important experiments. The NE555 IC is configured to perform the three modes of multi-vibrator circuits, which includes the astable mode, mono-stable and bi-stable mode. The ua741 is also used with the intention of making practical experiments on amplifiers, comparators and switching.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project is designed to cover practical applications of the 555 timer, which will include the bi-stable, mono-stable, astable and oscillation modes. Furthermore, it will cover the areas of application of the UA741 operational amplifier, which will include comparators, amplifiers, electronic switching and oscillation experiments. In addition to these components are capacitors, resistors, light dependent resistors, rectifier diodes, light-emitting diodes, potentiometers and bread for expansion of the experimental workspace.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In higher institutions today, the teaching of electronics engineering has suffered a great deficiency. The deficiencies facing teaching of electronics in our higher institution of learning are:
The teaching of electronics in universities and polytechnics mostly adopt the theory centered approach, exposing the students to very few areas of application of electronics components.
Less or no emphasis is laid on practical experiments. However, the poor foundation and low understanding of a student show that they cannot adapt to higher knowledge of electronics using integrated circuits. Therefore an innovative method in basic electronic teaching using Integrated circuits needs to be created in other to achieve training goals.
Means of teaching is outdated; as the electronics field is fast developing, most of the existing methods still lie on a very low platform. This creates a gap between students understanding and their existing world.
The problem of bread boarding component each time practical is to be conducted makes experimentation tiring and time consuming for both the students and instructors.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This module will be used in teaching of basic electronic experiments, and it has a lot of significant to the teaching of student.
This module will make the teaching of basic electronics practical easier, such experiments may include: oscillation, the three mode of multi-vibrator, Schmitt triggering, amplification, rectification, etc.
This module will create an easy understanding of basic electronic experiments among students and technologists; it will also impact the society positively, as electronics hobbyists will also avail themselves of this opportunity of learning electronics in an interactive manner.
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project work is to construct an electronics training module using NE555 IC, UA741, transistors as well as other basic discrete components for experimental purposes in the laboratory. This module will also have a source of regulated power supply, resistor, capacitors and other vital components needed to create a complete circuitry around the integrated circuit components.
The objectives include:
1. To design a basic electronics training module that can be used to verify certain electrical laws.
2. To design a basic electronics training module that can be used to verify basic electrical /electronic circuits.
3. To construct a basic electronics training module that will be user friendly and with a high percentage of local content
1.6 REPORT ORGANIZATION
The first chapter of this work introduces the project with background information, problem statement, objective, scope, significance and areas of application of the project. The next chapter discusses the theory of the major components as used in the project and also reviews the literatures on similar and related works. Chapter 3 discussed the design of the project, including the methods of implementation, system design analysis and the system operational flow chat operation. In chapter 4, the system’s construction testing and results were discussed and the problems encountered were enumerated. Finally, conclusions were drawn with some recommendations in chapter 5, which is the last chapter.
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