ABSTRACT
This work was focused on the chemical compositions of the shell, pulp and seed of Cittrullus colocynthis fruit as well as the antimicrobial potentials of their extracts. The proximate analysis showed the presence of moisture, fibre, dry matter, ash, protein, crude fat, ether extract and carbohydrate. They were found to be very rich in potassium which ranged from 116.7mg/100g in the shell to 182.6mg/100g in the seed. Sodium had reasonable values which ranged from 42.8mg/100g in the shell to 89.3mg/100g in the seed. They were found to be very rich in trace minerals: Fe, Cu, Se, Mn, Zn and Co. Copper had the highest value ranging from 7.04mg/100g in the shell to 16.4mg/100g in the seed. The other trace elements had lower but very reasonable values in the seed, pulp and the shell. The vitamin A compositions ranged from 5.8IU/100g in the shell to 19.5IU/100g in the pulp while vitamin E content ranged from 3.3IU/100g in the seed to 6.9IU/100g in the pulp. The B-vitamins (B1, B2 and B3) were not detected in the seed, pulp and the shell. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, phytates, oxalate, HCN, alkaloid, saponin and tannin. The flavonoid content was the highest in the seed with a value of 2.8mg/100g while phytate was the lowest in the seed with a value of 0.3mg/100g. Oxalate had the highest value of 2.9mg/100g in the pulp while phytate had the lowest value of 0.3mg/100g. Flavonoid had the highest value of 2.4mg/100g in the shell while oxalate had the lowest value of 0.2mg/100g. The GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 16 compounds in each of the shell and pulp and 15 compounds in the seed. The Antimicrobial study of the extracts revealed some levels of activity against some bacteria (Staphylococcus, E. coli, Salmolina, Pseudomonas, Shigella, Streptococcus) and fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopes, Fusamium, Kleb, Aspergium) .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgement v
Table
Of Contents vii
List
of Tables x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Statement of problem 2
1.2
Aims/Objectives 2
1.3 Scope of study 2 CHAPTER 2
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Economic importance of Cittrullus colocynthis 8
2.2 Medicinal importance of Cittrullus colocynthis 8
CHAPTER 3
3.0 Materials and Methods 12
3.1
Sample Collection 12
3.2 Sample Preparation 12
3.3 Determination of proximate composition: 13
3.3.1
Determination of moisture content: 13
3.3.2
Determination of ash content 13
3.3.3
Determination of crude fibre 14
3.3.4
Determination of crude fat 15
3.3.5
Determination of protein 16
3.3.6
Determination of carbohydrate: 17
3.4
Determination of minerals: 17
3.4.1
Determination of calcium: 17
3.4.2
Determination
of Potassium and Sodium 18
3.4.3
Determination of Iron 19
3.4.4
Determination of Phosphate 19
3.4.5
Determination of Manganese and Copper 20
3.4.6
Determination of Selenium 21
3.4.7 Determination
of Cobalt 21
3.5 Determination of vitamins 21
3.5.1
Determination of Thiamine (B1) 21
3.5.2 Determination of Riboflavin (B2) 22
3.5.3 Determination of Niacin (B3) 23
3.6 Phytochemical
determination 24
3.6.1 Quantitative
determination of Alkaloids 24
3.6.2
Determination of Tannins: 25
3.6.3
Determination of Saponin: 26
3.6.4
Determination of Flavonoids: 26
3.7 GC-MS
Analysis 27
3.8 Screening
for anti-microbial activity. 27
CHAPTER 4
4.0
Results and Discussion 29
CHAPTER 5
5.0 Conclusion 54
5.1 Recommendation 54
References
Appendices
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 The
proximate compositions of the-seed, pulp and shell of
Cittrullus
colocynthis fruit 29
4.2: The
result of the mineral composition of the seed, pulp and shell
of the
fruit of Cittrullus colocynthis 31
4.3 The
result of the Vitamin composition of the seed, pulp and shell
of Cittrullus
colocynthis fruit 33
4.4: The
result of the phytochemical compositions of the shell, pulp and
shell of the fruit
of cittrullus
colocynthis 35
4.5: Result of GC/MS analysis of Cittrullus colocynthis 38
4.6: Zones of inhibition of seed extract and
standard anti-bacterial (mg/ml) 47
4.7: Zones of inhibition of pulp extract and
standard anti-bacterial (mg/ml) 48
4.8: Zones of inhibition of shell extract and
standard anti-bacterial (mg/ml) 49
4.9: Zones of inhibition of seed extract and
standard anti-fungall (mg/ml) 51
4.10: Zones of inhibition of pulp extract and
standard anti-fungall (mg/ml) 52
4.11: Zones of inhibition of seed extract and
standard anti-fungall (mg/ml) 53
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1:
Fruit of Cittrullus colocynthis 7
CHAPTER
1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cittrulluscolocynthis belongs to Cucurbitaceaefamily popularly known as
bitter apple. It is a Nigerian medicinal plant with many common names including
colocynth, bitter apple, bitter cucumber, desert gourds (USDA, 2014). Cittrulluscolocynthis resembles
watermelon vine but bears small, hard fruits with a bitter pulp. The fruit is
globular, slightly depressed, 5-7cm in diameter, green in colour and gets white
glabrous when ripe. The fruit is filled with a dry spongy very bitter pulp.
The seeds are
4-6mm long and pale brown in colour. They are edible but similarly bitter,
nutty flavoured and rich in fat and protein (Schafferman et al., 1998). They are
eaten whole or used as an oilseed. It has been reported that the oil content of
the seeds is 17-19% (w/w) consisting 0f 67-73% linoleic acid. The oil yield is
about 400l/hectare (Schafferman et al., 1998). The seeds contain a high amount
of arginnine, tryptophan and sulfur-containing-amino acids (Gurudeendanet al., 2010).
The leaves are
very variable in size. The uncultivated leaf is about 3.8 to 6.3cm in length
and 2.5cm in width while the cultivated ones are larger in size. The leaf shows
deltoid margin, pale green colour above and ashy colour beneath on bout surfaces.
The Cittrulluscolocynthis plant is used as
an ingredient in the electuary called confectiohamech or diacatholicon and most
other laxative pills; in such cases as required purging, it was very
successful. It is one of the most violent purgative drugs known. It is also
used in the obstruction of menses. Some women used it in the beginning of
pregnancy to cause abortion which often occurs due to the violence of its
operation (James et al., 1999).It is
used in curing diabetic patients (Huseniet
al., 2009) .
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This fruitCittrulluscolocynthis belongs to the curcubitacea family and it grows wild.Some
people consider it edible and claim that it has some medicinal values while
some consider it inedible and poisonous. So, this study is to find out the food
values as well as the antimicrobial potentials of the seed, pulp and shell of
the fruit of Cittrulluscolocynthis .
1.3
AIM/ OBJECTIVES
To investigate
the food values of the seed, pulp and shell of the fruit of Cittrulluscolocynthisand the
antimicrobial potentials of their extracts.
1.4 SCOPE
OF STUDY
1. To
determine the major nutritional components:proximate, minerals, vitamins as
well as the phytochemical components
(secondary metabolites).
2. GC/MS
analyses of the methanolic extracts of the seed, pulp and shell of the fruit of Cittrulluscolocynthis.
3. To
evaluate the antimicrobial potentials of
the methanolic extracts of the seed, pulp and
shell of the fruit of Cittrulluscolocynthis.
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