ABSTRACT
Staphylococcus
aureus
especially, is an important agent of food poisoning all over the world. It is
the most important bacterial agent implicated in toxin production (toxin shock
and staphylococcal scalded – skin syndromes), direct invasion and systemic
disseminating (bacteraemia, septic shock syndrome, skin infections and
abscesses. S. aureus is often found in biofilms formed on
medical devices implanted in the body or on human tissue. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from
only 34 samples of the 150 samples collected with a high 23 samples showing
biofilm formation indicating that most of the strains were survivors form
antibiotics treatment. The Staphylococcus
aureus strains were found to be susceptible to the Streptomycin with 96.3%
and 94.7% for Amoxil with treated number of isolates as 27 and 19 respectively.
The strains were more resistant to Septrin with 84.6% and Ampiclox with 66.7%
from 13 and 18 samples respectively. Levofloxacin also have notable antibiotics
sensitivity to the Staphylococcus aureus
strains with 90.0% from 20 samples while Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin have
sensitivity of 84.6% and 84.0% with 26 and 25 samples tested respectively.
Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol however, have a sensitivity of 72.7% from 33
samples for the former and 52.6% from 19 samples for the latter.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Bacterial organisms of the genus staphylococcus are
one of the most prevalent pathogens in both humans and animals (Casey et al., 2007). It is a genus of Gram
positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in
grape-like clusters. (Ryan et al.,
2004). The staphylococcus genus includes at least 40 species. Most are harmless
and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other
organisms. I.e. members of the genus staphylococcus frequently colonize the
skin and upper respiratory tracts of mammals and birds.
Staphylococcus
aureus especially, is an important agent of food poisoning
all over the world (Balaban and Rasooly, 2000). It is the most important
bacterial agent implicated in toxin production (toxin shock and staphylococcal
scalded – skin syndromes), direct invasion and systemic disseminating
(bacteraemia, septic shock syndrome, skin infections and abscesses (Hatakka et al., 2000). Although it is found in
water, dust and air. S. aureus
primarily colonises the mucosa of nasopharynx and skin of humans and animal
(Songer and Post, 2005). The bacterium is considered to be a normal flora of
the chicken, isolated from the skin and feathers as well as in the respiratory
and intestinal tracts (Casey et al.,
2007). However, some of the common forms of S.
aureus associated poultry infections include tenosynovitis (Butterworth,
1999), Omphalitis (Hill et al.,
1989), femoral head necrosis, infected hock and stifle joints secondary to
coccidiosis or vaccine reactions (McNamee and Smyth, 2000) and ‘‘bumble foot’’
(skeeles, 1997).
In Nigeria and many other parts of the developing
world, chickens are extensively reared in close proximity to human dwellings
and therefore play an important role in environmental contamination, in
addition to serving as significant vehicles for the transfer of such pathogens
to humans by way of handling of live birds or consumption of contaminated meat
and poultry products.
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is a global concern
that has been aggravated by the fact that only few new antimicrobial agents
come out from the pharmaceutical channels in recent rimes (Okonko et al., 2009). Selective increase in
resistant bacteria has been reported to be as a result of widespread use of
antibiotics in animal for growth promotion and preventions of colonization by
pathogenic bacteria (Davies, 1994).
Even though poultry industry in Nigeria contributes
substantially to the Nation’s Food Security and Groose Domestic Product (FAO,
2008), most of the flocks are reared by small scale farmers under limited or no
veterinary supervision. In such production systems, antimicrobials are freely
used as feed or water additives (Otalu et
al., 2011). These practices can facilitate the emergence and spread of
antibiotic resistant pathogens among birds with possible transmission to
humans.
1.2
AIM
The aim of this study is to characterize the S. aureus isolated form poultry farm
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1.
To isolate and identify S. aureus from
poultry farm.
2. To
determine the antibiotic susceptibility of S.
aureus to different antibiotics.
3.
To determine the presence of biofilm
formation from the isolates.
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