ABSTRACT
Field trials were conducted at the research farm of National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike (NRCRI) (070 330 , 0.50 29/ N) in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 cropping seasons to determine the bud nipping effects of pigeon pea on the growth and yield of component crops in cassava/ pigeon pea intercrop in Umudike, Nigeria. Cassava at a density of 10,000 plants/ha were intercropped with pigeon pea at 20,000plants/ha. The sole cassava varieties were also planted at 10,000 plants/ha. The cassava varieties were NR 8082/bud-nipped PP; NR 8082/non bud-nipped PP; Sole NR 8082; TMS 30572/bud nipped PP; TMS 30572/non-bud nipped PP; Sole 30572; UMUCASS38/ bud-nipped PP; UMUCASS38/ non bud-nipped PP; Sole UMUCASS 38; NR 07/0220/bud-nipped PP; NR 07/0220/non bud-nipped PP; Sole NR 07/0220; Sole bud-nipped PP and sole non bud-nipped PP. One variety of pigeon pea was used. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Four varieties of cassava were used. Two white root (NR 8082 and TMS 30572) and two yellow root (TMS 01/1371 and NR 07/0220). The Pigeon peas were bud-nipped at two months after planting. The cassava was harvested at the end of 12 months while PP was harvested at 7 months after planting. The result showed that intercropping cassava with pigeon pea improved the utilization of growth resources optimally and increased the yields of the component crops. The result also showed that sole and intercropped TMS 30572 cassava variety gave highest fresh root yield in 2017/2018 and in 2018/2019 cropping seasons. The cassava varieties- UMUCASS 38 pigeon pea no bud nipping and NR 8082 pigeon pea no bud nipping were more productive in gross monetary return, net return and benefit-cost ratio indices than other treatments in the two cropping seasons.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table
of contents vi
List
of Tables vii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement
of Problem 2
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Conceptual Review 4
2.1.1 Concept
of bud nipping 4
2.1.2 Response
of pigeon pea to bud nipping 6
2.1.3 Importance
of legume in intercropping 9
2.1.4 Pigeon
pea in intercropping system 10
2.1.5 Cassava
in intercropping system 11
2.16 Land
equivalent ratio (LER) 13
2.1.7 Gross
monetary revenue (GMR) 14
2.1.8 Cost
benefit ratio (CBR) 14
CHAPTER
3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 16
3.1. Description
of experimental site 16
3.2 Field
preparation and soil sampling 16
3.3 Experimental
design, treatment and treatment allocation 16
3.4 Planting
and planting materials 17
3.5 Field
maintenance 17
3.6 Data
Collection 18
3.7 Proximate
analysis 18
3.7.1 Determination
of moisture content 18
3.7.2 Determination
of crude protein 19
3.7.3 Determination
of ash 20
3.7.4 Determination
of fat 20
3.7.5 Determination
of crude fibre 21
3.7.6 Determination
of carbohydrate 21
3.7.7 Determination
of caloric value 22
3.8 Productivity
analysis 22
3.8.1 Land
equivalent ratio (LER) 23
3.8.2 Land
equivalent coefficient 23
3.8.3 Area
time equivalent ratio (ATER) 23
3.8.4 Gross
monetary return (GMR) 23
3.8.5 Total
cost of production 23
3.8.6 Net
return (NR) 23
3.8.7 Benefit-cost
ratio (BCR) 24
3.9 Statistical
analysis 24
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 61
REFERENCES 62
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Soil Physico-chemical
properties of the experimental sites in 2017/2018
and 2018/2019 cropping seasons (0 - 20 cm) 26
Table
4.2: Agro-meteorological data of
the experiential sites in Umudike, Nigeria
(January-December 2017,
2018 and 2019 cropping seasons) 27
Table
4.3: Effect of intercropping Pigeon pea bud-nipping and cassava variety on
plant height of cassava
at different ages in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019
cropping seasons 28
Table
4.4: Effect of intercropping Pigeon pea bud-nipping and
cassava variety on
canopy spread and canopy
thickness of cassava at 12 months after planting
in 2018/2019 cropping season 30
Table
4.5: Effect of intercropping
system, Pigeon pea bud-nipping and cassava
variety on number of
leaves per plant of cassava at different ages in
2017/2018 and 2018/2019
cropping seasons 31
Table
4.6: Effect of intercropping
system, Pigeon pea bud-nipping and cassava
variety on yield
components of cassava in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019
cropping seasons 33
Table
4.7: Effect of intercropping
system, Pigeon pea bud-nipping and cassava
variety on fresh root
yield of cassava in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019
cropping seasons 35
Table
4.8: Effect of intercropping
system, Pigeon pea bud nipping and cassava
variety on proximate
composition of fresh root yield of cassava in
2018/2019 cropping
season 36
Table
4.9: Effect of intercropping
system, Pigeon pea bud nipping and cassava
variety on proximate
composition of fresh root of cassava in 2018/2019
cropping season 38
Table
4.10: Effect of intercropping system,
Pigeon pea bud-nipping and cassava
variety on growth
attributes of pigeon pea at different ages in
2017/2018 and 2018/2019
cropping seasons 40
Table
4.11: Effect of intercropping pigeon
pea bud-nipping and cassava variety on
yield and yield
components of pigeon pea in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019
cropping seasons 42
Table
4.12: Effect of intercropping Pigeon
pea bud-nipping and cassava variety
on proximate composition
of grain yield of pigeon pea in 2018/2019
cropping season 43
Table
4.13: Effect of intercropping pigeon
pea bud-nipping and cassava variety on
proximate composition of
grain yield of pigeon pea in 2018/2019
cropping season 45
Table
4.14: Correlation matrix of Fresh root yield of cassava and other plant
attributes
in 2017/2018 crop 47
Table 4.15: Correlation matrix of fresh root yield of cassava and other plant
attributes in 2018/2019 cropping season 48
Table
4.16: Correlation matrix of grain yield of pigeon pea and
plant attributes in
2017/2018 cropping season 49
Table 4.17: Correlation matrix of grain yield of pigeon pea and
other plant attributes
in 2018/2019
cropping season 51
Table 4.18: Effect of
cassava variety and pigeon pea bud-nipping on land equivalent
ratio, gross monetary return, land equivalent coefficient, total variable cost of
production, net return and benefit cost ratio of component crop in cassava/pigeon pea intercrop in
2017/2018
cropping season 52
Table 4.19: Effect of cassava variety and pigeon pea
bud-nipping on land equivalent
ratio, gross monetary return, land equivalent coefficient, total variable cost of
production, net return and benefit cost ratio of component crop in cassava/pigeon pea intercrop in
2018/2019 cropping
season 54
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In
the humid tropical zone of west and central Africa, cassava is a major food crop,
often inter-cropped with annuals which mature earlier. The annual crops may be
cereals (Ezumah and Okigbo, 1980), grain legumes (Mba, 1985; Lutaladio, 1986;
Balasubramanian and Sekayange, 1990) or vegetables (Ikeorgu et al.,
1989). Among the grain Legumes commonly intercropped with cassava are peanuts (Arachi
hypogea), pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) (Okigbo, 1977), and cowpeas (Vigna
unguiculata) (Mba, 1985; Juo and Ezumah, 1991).
Cassava
is grown widely in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. It
was introduced into Africa in the latter half of the 6th century
from South America and perhaps also from Central America where it is believed
to have originated (Udo et al., 2005).
Cassava is a popular energy food in most of the tropics and has replaced yam
and cocoyam as the number one carbohydrate staple. According to Udo et al.,
(2005) cassava is said to provide up to 40 % of all the calories consumed in
Africa. Currently, Nigeria is the largest world producer of cassava with about
34 million metric tons. The leading position of Nigeria in cassava root yields
is however attributed to increase in hectarage of production over the years
(FAO, 2012). Generally, per hectare crop yield obtained by the small holder
farmers in Nigeria is still low (10-18 t/ha), compared to those from researcher
managed fields (30-40 t/ha) (Alumni and Manyong, 2003). In this research work,
four varieties of cassava will be used (two white roots and two yellow roots
cassava varieties). The two white roots are; TMS 30572 and NR8082, the two
yellow roots varieties are; TMS01/1371 and NR 07/0220.
Pigeon
pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is one of the tropical and sub-tropical
legumes cultivated for its edible seeds. Pigeon pea is fast growing, hardy,
widely adaptable and drought resistant (Bekele, 2003). Because of its drought
resistance quality, it can be considered to be of utmost importance for food
security in regions where rainfall is unreliable and droughts are prone to
occur (Cop-Trust, 2004). The fruit of Cajanus cajan is a flat, straight,
puberscent pod, 5-9 cm long x 12 - 13 mm wide. It contains 2 to 9 seeds that
are either brown, red or black in colour, small and sometimes hard-coated (FAO,
2016).
Dry
pigeon peas (seeds) are common in Indonesian and Indian cuisines. In India,
pigeon peas are soaked, dried, hulled and split to prepare dhal. In Indonesia,
pigeon peas are fermented with Rhizopus mould then soaked, dehulled and
cooked to produce tempeh. Fermentation with Aspergillus oryza gives a
sauce similar to soy sauce (Orwa et al., 2009). Dry peas can be ground
and mixed with wheat flour to give a higher protein content than flour alone.
Immature pods may be cooked in curries and other relishes (Orwa et al.,
2009; Ayenan et al. 2017).
Pigeon pea has numerous uses in animal feeding. The leaves and pods are
valuable and palatable protein-rich fodder. The leaves are sometimes used to
replace alfalfa in ruminant diets in areas where alfalfa cannot be grown. Seed
processing by-products and sometimes the whole seeds are used as livestock feed
(Phatak et al., 1993). The seeds can be fed to poultry and mixtures of
pigeon pea with maize grain were successfully used in Hawaii (Orwa et al.,
2009).
1.1 STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
The yield of pigeon pea is limited by a number of factors
such as agronomic, pathogenic, entomological, genetic and their interaction
with environment. However, due to poor
grain yield record prevalent in pigeon-pea performance, the agronomic practice
of bud-nipping was introduced in the study to assess the physiological response
of pigeon pea to bud-nipping intercrop with four varieties of cassava in a
cassava-based cropping system in Umudike, South East, Nigeria.
The
objectives of the study were as follows:
1. to
determine the effect of pigeon pea bud-nipping on growth and yield of the
component crops in cassava and pigeon pea intercrop,
2.
to determine the cassava morphotype best
suitable in cassava/pigeon pea intercrop,
3.
to determine the effect of pigeon pea
bud-nipping on the nutritional quality of the component crops,
4.
to determine the biological and economic
productivity of sole and intercropped cassava and pigeon pea.
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