ABSTRACT
This study was to carry out the bacteriological analysis of water in tanks from different hostels of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia. A total of ten (10) samples were collected from water tank in different hostel in MOUAU using sterile 100 ml glass bottle and was taken immediately to the microbiology laboratory for bacteriological analysis One milliliter of each water sample was inoculated onto nutrient agar plates in duplicates. The spread plate method using a sterile bent glass rod was used. Inoculated plates were incubated at 37°C for 24hr. Those that gave significant growth were identified by gram stain, motility and biochemical tests. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial load of the water samples from water tank samples from different hostels in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. The total bacteria load, shown as the Total viable count (TVC) of sample range from 0.84x105cfu/ml to 1.44x105cfu/ml respectively. Total coliform count (TCC) of sample were 0.72x105cfu/ml to 1.31x105cfu/ml respectively. The percentage occurrence of microorganisms in the water samples from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Escherichia coli had percentage occurrence of (43.27), while the least was seen in Streptococcus spp. (4.0%). The microbiological analysis results of water tank samples were not acceptable since they were all found to yield moderate to heavy growth of bacteria, thereby making them unfit for human consumption. In this study most borehole water sources tested were found to be contaminated. The sources of contamination in the area have been identified as coming from human and/or animal wastes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of content v
List of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 5
2.1 Water 5
2.1.1 Uses of Water 6
2.2 Water Pollution 8
2.2.1 Groundwater Pollution 9
2.2.2 Causes of Water Pollution 9
2.2.3 Effects of Water Pollution 10
2.2.4 Remedies of Water Pollution 11
2.3 Water Quality 13
2.3.1 Bacteriological Water Quality 14
2.3.2 Indicator Organisms of Water Quality 15
2.3.2.1 Coliform Organisms (Total Coliform) As
Indicator of Water Quality 16
2.3.2.2 Thermo-Tolerant (Faecal) Coliform Bacteria as
Indicator of Water Quality 17
2.4 Parameters for Bacteriological Analysis
of Water 18
2.4.1 Heterotrophic Plate Count 18
2.4.2 Total Coliform Plate Count 18
2.4.3 Total Faecal Coliform Count 19
2.5 Use of Bacteria as Indicators of
Pathogenic Organisms in Water 19
2.6 Bacteriological Water Analysis 20
2.6.1 Methods of
Bacteriological Water Analysis 20
2.6.1.1 Multiple Tube
Fermentation Method 21
2.6.1.2 ATP Testing Method 22
2.6.1.3 Plate
Count Method 23
2.6.1.4 Membrane Filtration Method 24
2.6.1.5 Pour
Plate Method 24
2.7 Water Borne Pathogens and Diseases 24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. Materials and
Methods 27
3.1 Study
Area 27
3.2 Collection
of Water Samples 27
3.3 Materials
Used 27
3.4 Preparation of the Media 28
3.5 Bacteriological Analysis of Water Samples 29
3.5.1 Total Bacterial Count 29
3.5.2 Enumeration of Total Coliform 30
3.5.2.1 Confirmative Tests 30
3.5.2.2 Completed Tests 30
3.6 Biochemical Tests for Identification of
Bacterial Isolates 31
3.6.1 Gram Staining Technique 31
3.6.2 Catalase Test 31
3.6.3 Coagulase Test 32
3.6.4 Oxidase Test 32
3.6.5 Indole Test 32
3.6.6 Citrate Test 33
3.6.7 Motility Test 34
3.6.8 Methyl Red (MR) 34
3.6.9. Urease Test 34
3.6.10 Carbohydrate Fermentation Test 35
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Results 36
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion,
Recommendation and Conclusion 40
5.1 Discussion 40
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendation 42
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1. Total bacterial count of different water tank in MOUAU
hostel 37
2. Biochemical
identification of the Bacterial Isolate 38
3. Percentage Occurrences of the
Bacterial Isolates from different tank in MOUAU 39
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Title Page
1 Percentage
Occurrence of Bacterial Isolates From water tank in different hostel in MOUAU 33
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Water
is one of the most abundant and essential resources of man, and occupies about
70% of earth’s surface. It is the major constituent of the lithosphere and
atmosphere and it is an essential requirement of all living organisms (Eja,
2002). All living organisms depend on water for their existence and good
drinking water with a high quality is essential for the well-being of all
people around the world (Pund and Ganorkar, 2013). An adequate supply of water
is necessary for a healthy life but waterborne diseases are major causes of
death in most parts of the world especially in developing countries due to the
consumption of contaminated water which may arise from unclean water reserviors
(Fawell and Nieuwenhuijsen, 2003). Water is a basic human right. Without good
quality of domestic water supply, man and other living things may eventually
die. An adequate, safe and accessible supply must be available to all.
Improving access to safe water can result in significant benefits to health.
Every effort should be made to achieve a water quality as safe as possible
(Cabral, 2010).
Many
people struggle to obtain access to safe water. A clean and treated water
supply to each house may be the norm in Europe and North America, but in
developing countries such as Nigeria, access to both clean water and sanitation
are not the rule, and waterborne infections are common (Fenwick, 2006). On a
global scale, groundwater represents the world’s largest and most important
source of fresh potable water. Groundwater provides potable water to an
estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide daily and has proved to be the most
reliable resource for meeting rural water demand in the sub-Saharan Africa. Due
to inability of governments to meet the ever-increasing water demand, most
people in rural areas resort to groundwater sources such as boreholes as an
alternative water resource. Thus, humans can abstract groundwater through a
borehole, which is drilled into the aquifer and stored in water tanks for
industrial, agricultural and domestic use (Palamuleni and Akoth, 2015). Water
reservoirs are popular in houses, office buildings, commercial stores and
schools. The quality of this source of drinking water has the potential to
cause waterborne outbreaks, especially in sensitive and immune compromised
subjects (Ali et al., 2011).
However,
groundwater resources and reservoirs are commonly vulnerable to pollution,
which may degrade their quality. In addition, human activities can alter the
natural composition of groundwater through the disposal or dissemination of
chemicals and microbial matter on the land surface and into soils, or through
injection of wastes directly into groundwater. Industrial discharges, urban
activities, agriculture, groundwater plumage and disposal of waste can affect
groundwater quality (Bello et al.,
2013; Govindarajan and Senthilnathan, 2014). Pesticides and fertilizers applied
to lawns and crops can accumulate and migrate to the water tables thus
affecting both the physical, chemical and microbial quality of water. For
instance, a septic tank can introduce bacteria to water and pesticides and
fertilizers that seep into farmed soils can eventually end up in the water
drawn from a borehole. Poor sanitary completion of boreholes may lead to
contamination of groundwater. There is a strong relationship between water safety
and quality and the outbreaks of waterborne illnesses due to the occurrence of E. coli O157 in the water. A study
showed that E. coli could survive up
to 25ºC in dechlorinated water because household water pipes and water tanks
are, usually, covered and in a cool, warm area. A solution to this problem is
the importance of chlorinating the household water pipes and tanks at least
twice a year might improve the quality and safety of water, and reduce the
possibility of E. coli survival and
transmission through the use of water. A study reported the storing treated
potable or drinking water in household tanks might lead to post-treatment
contamination, introducing coliform bacteria and possible opportunistic pathogens
into the water supply (Bello et al.,
2013).
Good
water quality of water tanks is important in many settings, including those
found for all drinking water systems, food production and bathing activity. In
water systems with inadequate quality control and sanitation, water could act
as a vehicle for pathogenic microorganisms that originate from the faeces of
wildlife including birds, livestock and pet animals, as well as humans
(Grøndahl-Rosado et al., 2014).
Globally, huge efforts are put into improving and monitoring water safety, but
still it is estimated that 1.1 billion people have water sources regularly
contaminated with faecal microorganisms. Hence, periodic analysis and proper
sanitation of water storage tanks are required to maintain adequate water
safety in the society (Bain et al.,
2014). To assess bacteriological water quality in an easy and reproducible way,
standard methods (e.g. ISO – the International Organization for
Standardization) have been developed. Such methods apply detection of certain
groups of bacteria that function as indicators for faecal contamination, a
principle that had already been suggested in the 19th century (Svanevik and
Lunestad, 2015).
The
rationale for examination of faecal indicator bacteria in water is as follows:
(i) they do not inhabit the aquatic environment naturally, (ii) they are
initially abundant in faeces from warm-blooded animals, (iii) if they are not
present, it is unlikely that other harmful organisms of faecal origin will be
present, and hence the water is safe, and (iv) if they are present, there is
the possibility that other potentially harmful microorganisms of faecal origin
are present, and hence the water cannot be considered safe. The most commonly
used groups of indicator organisms include coliforms, thermo-tolerant
coliforms, Escherichia coli and
enterococci. However, the enterococci are known to survive better in the
environment and may therefore be an indicator for older faecal contamination
(Noble et al., 2004). The criteria
for water quality are set by authorities, e.g. the European Commission (EC) and
the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA), where directives are set for water
used for direct human consumption, in preparation of foodstuff and for bathing
(Svanevik and Lunestad, 2015).
1.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.1.1 Aim
The
study was aimed at carrying out the bacteriological analysis of water in tanks from
different hostels of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike,
Umuahia.
1.1.2 Objectives of the Study
1. To
determine the total bacterial counts of the water samples
2. To
determine the total coliform counts (most probable number) of the water samples
3. To
isolate and characterize bacteria from the water samples
4. To
identify the isolated bacteria from the water samples
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment