ABSTRACT
This project studied the antimicrobial activity of Spondias mombin plant against bacterial isolates from wounds. Water and ethanol extracts of leaf and bark of the plant was used against the wound isolates at in-vitro level by spread plate disc diffusion techniques. Results obtained showed four bacterial species including Candida species from the wounds with the following occurrence Staphylococcus (88.9%), Streptococcus (77.8%), Pseudomonas (55.6%), E.coli (44.4%) and Candida (33.3%). Phytochemical analysis of the plant parts showed the presence of different phytochemicals in the different extracts. The water extract showed the content of alkaloid (0.18%), phenol (0.08%), flavonoids (0.27%), saponins (0.54%), tannin 0.46% and HCN 9.27 mg/kg in the leaf while the corresponding values in the aqueous solution of the bark was 0.12%, 0.33%, 0.26%, 0.40%, 0.22% and 7.18mg/kg. Ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark had alkaloid 0.36% and 0.24%, flavonoids 0.27% and 0.33%, saponins 0.34% and 0.24%, tannin 0.37% and 0.18%, phenol 0.56% and 0.52% respectively. The antibacterial activity test shows that the extract inhibited the wound isolates to different levels. Against the test isolates, the water extract of the leaf caused inhibition zones of 7.33mm to 14.67mm while that of the bark was 6.33mm to 13.67mm. Ethanol extract inhibitions were 13. 33 to 20.33mm (leaf) and 10.33mm to 20.00mm (bark). It was recorded that the ethanol extracts were more potent than the water extracts and the leaf extracts were more potent than the bark extracts.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification. ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table
of Contents v
List
of Tables viiii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study 1
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Drug plants 3
2.2 Drug classification 3
2.3 Phytomedicine 4
2.3.1 Historical perspective of Phytomedicine 4
2.3.2 Challenges facing phytomedicine 5
2.3.3
Phytochemicals 6
2.4
Alkaloids 6
2.4.1 Flavonoid 7
2.4.2
Saponin 8
2.4.3 Tannins 8
2.4.4 Phenols 8
2.5 Ethnobotany and pharmacology of plant
sample 9
2.6 Test organism 9
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1
Experiement sites and source of materials 12
3.2
Sample and media preparation 12
3.2.1
Sample preparation 12
3.2.2
Media preparation 12
3.3
Isolation of bacteria from wound 13
3.4
Preparation of crude extracts from S. Mombin 14
3.5
Tests for Antimicrobial Activity (In
vitro ) 14
3.6
Quanlitative phytochemical screening 15
3.6.1
Test for Tannin 16
3.6.2
Test for Saponins 16
3.6.3
test for Flavonoids 16
3.6.4
Test for Alkaloids 17
3.6.5
Test for Phenols 17
3.6.6
Test for cyanogenic glycoside (HCN) 17
3.7
Quantitative determination of phytochemicals 18
3.7.1
Determination of Alkaloids 18
3.7.2
Determination of Flavonoids ` 19
3.7.3
Determination of Tannins 19
3.7.4
Determination of Saponin 20
3.7.5
Determination of phenols 22
3.7.6
Determination of cyanogenic Glycoside (HCN) 22
3.7.7
Determination of Oxalate 23
3.7.8 Determination of phylate 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Results 25
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION
CONTRIBUTION
TO KNOWLEDGE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER
STUDIES
5.1 Discussion 30
5.2
Conclusion 32
5.4
Recommendations for further studies 33
Reference
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
1 Occurance of bacterial isolates in title
wound samples 25
2 Preliminary phytochemical screening 26
3 Phytochemical composition of aqueous and
ethanol extracts of leaf and
bark of
spondias mombin plant. 28
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
Plants have been used from ancient times to attempt scores
of diseases and to relieve physical
suffering. Herbalism ( Herbology or herbal medicines) which is the use of
plants for medicinal purposes and the study of such use have been the basis for
medical treatments through much of human history and such traditional medicine
is still widely practiced today(Vickers., 2007). Oftentimes these primitive
attempts at medicine were used based on superstition and speculation. Evil
spirits in the body through the use of poisonous or disagreeable plant
substances that rendered the body a disagreeable habitat (Green, 2000). Modern
medicines recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the
practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence to include fungal and
bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts
(Elvin-Lewis, 2001).
Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of
medicinal plants dates at least to the Paleolithic, approximately 60,000 years
ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years to the
Sumerians that created list of plants. The documentation of herbs and their
uses was a central part of both western and eastern medical scholarships
through to the 1600s and these works played an important role in the development
of the science of botany (Edgar et al.,
2002) toady, it has been developed as a separate industry as many people
favour herbal medicine over synthetic medicine. Currently about 80% of the
world population depends on plant-derived medicine for the first time of
primary health care for human alleviation because it has low side effects. Several regulatory models for herbal
medicines are currently available including prescription drugs,
over-the-counter substances, traditional medicines and dietary supplements
(Mukeshwar et al., 2011).
Instead of using the plants as they are harvested in
the wild, they can be enhanced in the trend in the domestication, and genetic
improvements. This will help in the possibility of obtaining uniform and high
quality raw materials which are fundamental to the efficacy and safety of
herbal drugs (Calixto, 2000).
The plants used for this research work include the leaf
of Spondias mombin. They were used
based on reports of their use in traditional medicines for treatment of some
diseases, hence suggesting antimicrobial activity.
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