ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COCONUT EXTRACT AGAINST SOME CLINICAL ISOLATES

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial activity of coconut(C. nucifera) oil extract was investigated against selected clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli)from Federal Medical Centre Umuahia using broth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibition concentration. Colonial morphology, Gram staining and biochemical test were used for the identification and characterization of the microorganisms. From the result, Escherichia coli had the highest susceptibility at concentration of 100%, 50% and 25% and antimicrobial potency (diameter of zone of inhibition) of 20mm, 15mm and 12mm respectively followed by Staphylococcus aureus only at 100% and15mm antimicrobial potency while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the least at 100% and 50% of 10mm and 8mm potency.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Declaration                                                                                                                              iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Knowledgement                                                                                                                     v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Tables                                                                                                                          viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ix                                                                                                                                            

CHAPTER ONE

1.1  Introduction                                                                                                                      1

1.2 Aim                                                                                                                                   2

1.3 Objective                                                                                                                           2

CHAPTER 2

2.0 Literature review

2.1  Coconut                                                                                                                                    3

2.2 World Coconut Distribution                                                                                             4

2.3 Nutritional Values                                                                                                             6

2.4. Medicinal Values                                                                                                             6

2.4.1. As an Electrolyte                                                                                                          6

2.4.2 Antidote Effect                                                                                                             7

2.4.3. Antioxidant Effect                                                                                                       7

2.4.4. Cardioprotective Effect                                                                                                            7

2.4.5. Antidermatophytic Activity                                                                                         8

2.4.6. Antiviral Effect                                                                                                             8

2.4.7. Antifungal Effect                                                                                                         9

2.4.8. Anticaries Activity                                                                                                        9

2.4.9. Disinfectant Activity                                                                                                    9

2.4.10. Insect Repellant                                                                                                          10

2.4.11. Antidiabetic Effect                                                                                                     10

2.4.12. Immunostimulatory Effect                                                                                         10

2.4.13. Eco-friendly Biodiesel                                                                                                11

2.4.14. Antiprotozoal Activity                                                                                                                                11

2.4.13. Weight Loss                                                                                                                11

CHAPTER 3

3.0 Materials and method

3.1 Study area                                                                                                                         13

3.2 Sterilization of Materials                                                                                                   13

3.3 Normal Saline Preparation                                                                                                13

3.4 Media Preparation                                                                                                             13

3.5 Bacteria Identification                                                                                                      14

3.6 Plant material                                                                                                                    14

3.7Coconut Oil Preparation                                                                                                    14

3.8Antimicrobial Testing                                                                                                        14

3.9 Test Bacterial Strains                                                                                                        15

3.10. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)                                       15

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Result                                                                                                                                16

CHAPTER FIVE

Result discussion                                                                                                                    20

Conclusion                                                                                                                              21

 Recommendation                                                                                                                   21

Reference                                                                                                                                23

LIST OF TABLES

 1: Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to coconut extract                                              17

2: Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to coconut extract                                          18

3: Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to coconut extract                                                         19

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Plant materials and herbal remedies, derived from around 70,000 plant species from lichens to towering trees, represents substantial portion of the global market. From time immemorial, the herbs have played a major role by providing us lead compounds for the isolation and synthesis of many conventional drugs (Babitaet al., 2017).Medicinal plants contain large varieties of chemical substances with important therapeuticproperties that can be utilized in the treatment of human diseases. Consequently, there is the justified assumption which claims that traditional medicine is cheaper and more effective than modern medicine. The studies of medicinal plants used as folklore remedies have therefore attracted immense attention in the scientific world in an attempt to find possible solutions to the problems of multiple resistances to the existing synthetic and conventional antimicrobials. The discovery of antibiotics had eradicated the infections that once ravaged the humankind, but their indiscriminate use has led to the development of multidrug-resistant pathogens (Shanmuganet al., 2008).

A typical example of this plant is a palm, coconut (Cocosnucifera). It belongs to the family Areecaceae (Palmae). Palmea is a vast family consisting of about 217 genera and about 2500 species. Cocosnucifera belongs to the order arecales and it is the sole species of the genus cocos belonging to the subfamily cocoideae, which includes 27 genera, and 600 species (Evans, 2002).One of the primary natural products from dry coconut fruit is the coconut oil, which has been used from time immemorial as functional food and in pharmaceuticals. It is referred to as “miracle oil”. The coconut is a functional food because it provides health benefits beyond its nutritional content (Ross, 2000).

Virgin coconut oil, a potent nondrug or natural yeastfighter,contains three medium chain fatty acids, i.e., lauricacid (50–53%), caprylic acid, and capric acid, all of whichhave antifungal effect (Isaacs et al., 1995).Medium-chain free fatty acids have been found to have abroad spectrum of microbicidal activity (Thormaret al., 1987)The mechanismby which the lipids kill bacteria is not known, but electronmicroscope studies indicate that they disrupt cell membranes.15 Variations in composition, plant, and genetic disparityamong bacteria and fungi of the same or differentspecies have been found to be responsible for the few inconsistenciesin the antibacterial and antifungal propertiesof plant extract 16

Cocosnucifera (CN), commonly known as Coconut tree, is used for its several beneficial health effects asantitumor, anthelmintic, antidotal, antiseptic, aperients, aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal, depurative, diuretic, hemostat,pediculicide, refrigerant, stomachic,styptic, suppurative and vermifuge (Rajeevet al., 2011).

1.1       AIM

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial properties of coconut extract against some clinical isolates

1.2       OBJECTIVE

To determine the antibacterial activity of coconut oil against some clinical isolates S. aureus, P. aerugenosa and E-coli

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