ABSTRACT
The antibiogram of some Gram negative pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella Species) to extract of Costus afar (Okpete) and Spondias mombin (Isikara) was evaluated. Bacteria Species were isolated from two plants (E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella). The Muller Hinton agar, Salmonella Shigella agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar was used for the antimicrobial activity tests. The isolates were characterized culturally, phytochemically and biochemically. These bacteria Species were tested for their susceptibility in the different extracts (Okpete and Isikara). The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts, showed that the alkaloid was highly present and the cyanogenic glycoside was slightly present. The Antibiogram of the bacteria pathogen, Salmonella had the highest inhibition recorded with ethanol extract of Spondias mombin (17.67mm ± 0.58) while the least inhibition was with water extract of Costus afar (9.67mm ± 0.58). The minimum inhibition concentration showed values of 50mg/ml to 200mg/ml with variations among the extracts activity and ethanol extracts having the lowest concentration that affected inhibition. From the concentration of the relative potency of extracts, ethanol exhibited the highest potency of extracts while water exhibited the least potency of extracts. It is recommended that the potentials of these two plants in terms of health benefits should be harnessed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of
Contents v
List of Tables vii
Abstract x
CHAPTER
ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives 3
1.3 Objective of the Study 4
CHAPTER
TWO
Review of
Related Literature 5
2.1 Costus
afer Ker Gawl (Zingiberaceae) 5
2.2 Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) 6
2.3 Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal
Plants 7
2.4 Antibiogram of Bacteria Species 14
2.5 Chemical Composition of the Stem Extract
of Costus afer (Bush Cane 17
2.6 Chemical Composition of the Leaf Extract
of Spondias mombin (Ichakara) 21
2.7 Prevalence of Microorganism 23
2.8 Isolation
of Microorganism 24
2.9 Antibiotics
Susceptibility of Microbial Contaminants 26
CHAPTER
THREE
Materials and
Methods 29
3.1 Source of Materials 29
3.2 Sample and Media Preparations 29.
3.2.1 Preparation of Plant Samples 29
3.2.2 Media Preparation 29
3.2.3 Preparation of Plant Extracts 30
3.3 Confirmation of Gram Negative Pathogens 30
3.4 Qualitative Phytochemical Screenings 31
3.4.1 Test for Saponin 31
3.4.2 Test for Steroids 31
3.4.3 Test for Flavonoids 31
3.4.4 Test for Tannin 32
3.4.5 Test for Cyanogenic Glycoside (HCN) 32
3.4.6 Test for Alkaloids 32
3.4.7 Test for Starch 32
3.5 Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test 33
3.5.1 Determination of Relative Potency of Plant
Extracts 33
3.6 Determinations of Minimum Inhibition
Concentration (MIC) 34
3.7 Statistical Analysis 34
CHAPER
FOUR
Results 35
CHAPTER
FIVE
Discussion,
Conclusion and Recommendation 43
5.1 Discussion 43
5.2 Conclusion 45
5.3 Recommendation 45
References 46
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1: Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of
Okpete (Costus Afar) and Isikara (Spondias Mombin) Leaves 36
2: Antibiogram
of Gram Negative Bacteria Pathogen towards Plant Extracts 38
3: Minimum Inhibition Concentrations of Plant
Extracts 40
4: Concentration
of Relative Potency of Extracts 42
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Plants
provide a variety of resources that contribute to the fundamental needs of both
human being and animals such as food, clothing and shelter. Among plants of
economic importance are medicinal plants. Plants have been utilized as
therapeutic agents since time immemorial in both organized and unorganized
forms (Girach et al., 2003). The
healing properties of many herbal medicines have been recognized in many
ancient cultures. The use of higher plant and their extracts to treat
infections is an age old practice in traditional African medicine. Traditional
medicine practice using plants has been known for centuries in many part of the
world (Sofowora, 1993). It is however observed that these practices vary from
one country to another. The persistent increase in antibiotic-resistant strain
of microorganisms has led to the development of more potent but also more
expensive antibiotics, such as the third-generation fluoroquinolones and the
cephalosporins. In most developing countries of the world, these antibiotics
are not readily affordable, which makes compliance difficult. This calls for
research into alternative sources of antimicrobials (Aibinu, 2004).
Numerous
plants and herbs is the most ancient approach to healing known as the herbal
medicines. Among these herbal medicines, Costus
afar and Spondias mombin are not
left out.Costus afer belong to the
group of perennial herbaceous plants in the family Costaccae described by Linnaeous
as a genus in 1753. It is one among the 150 species of stout, perennial and
rhizomatus herbs of the genus Costus.
The leave, stem, seed and rhizomes are harvested from wild plant and they
contain metabolites. The plant is used as a remedy for cough, inflammation,
arthritis as laxatives, apparent, purgative, diuretic, in rheumatism and
treatment of several other diseases (Edeoga et
al., 2005).
Spondias is a genus of
flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae.
The genus consists of 17 described species, 7 of which are native to the
Neotropics and about 10 are native to tropical Asia. They are commonly named
hog plums, Spanish plums, libas in Bikol and in some cases golden apples for
their brightly colored fruit which resemble an apple or small plum at a casual
glance. They are only distantly related to apple and plum trees, however. A
more unequivocal common name is mombins(Ayoka
et al., 2008).Spondias mombin has several common names. Among the English
speaking Caribbean islands it is known as yellow mombin or hog plum, while in
In Ghana, it is hog plum or Ashanti plum. It is called "Akukor" in
the Ewe language of Ghana. In Nigeria, the fruit is called Iyeye or Yeye in the
Yoruba language, Ngulungwu in Igbo and Isada in Hausa (Adepoju and Oyewole,
2008).
Most
of the plants and in ethnomedicines are said to possess bioactive constituents
such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics and other secondary
metabolites which are capable of producing definite physiological action in the
body(Sofowora, 1993). In Nigeria, the plant extracts is used as cough medicine.
While it’s boiled root is applied to cuts and sores. It has been shown to
reduced carageenan–induced edema in the rats paw, and check diarrhoea caused by
arachidonic acid and castor oil. (Iwu et
al., 1993).It ameliorate all signs associated with adjuvant-induced
polyarthritis in rats and dose of 100-300mg/kg daily is well tolerated in human
(Iwu, et al., 1993). In Ohafia Abia
State, Nigeria and in some part of Cameroon, the decoction of the plant is
administered to diabetic patient to alleviate the clinical signs (Dioka, et al., 2002). An infusion of the
inflorescence is taken to treat stomach complaints. A stem decoction, mashed
stem or the pounded fruit, sometimes, mixed with sugar cane juice, are taken to
treat cough, respiratory problem and sore throat (Iwu et al., 1993). In Nigeria, a cold water extract of the stem is
taken to treat small epileptic attacks. Rhizome pulp is applied to abscess and
ulcers to heal them applied to teeth to cure toothache and mixed with water to
treat diarrhoea and amoebic dysentery. A rhizome decoction or the rawrhizome is
taken to treat leprosy and venereal diseases. (Iwu et al., 1993). Leaf sap is used as eye drops and as nose drops to
treat headache with vertigo. It is also used to treat edema and fever. Stem sap
is applied to treat urethral discharges, venereal diseases, jaundice and to
prevent miscarriage. Stem sap is acid and rubefacient and burns on open wound
is applied to different skin ailments. The stem decoction is widely taken to
treat rheumatoid arthritis. An infusion of the dried aerial parts is taken to
treat hypertension. The powdered stem is used as enema to treat worms and
haemorrhoids. The pulped stem taken in water is strongly diuretic. Other
species of the genus also have medicinal effects, e.g. Costus
lucanustanus is used in the Ivory Coast for the treatment of impending
abortion. It also exhibits uterine relaxant activity. Costus schlechteri and Costus
afer are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus(Iwu, et al., 1993).
Investigations
(studies) indicate that Costus aferandSpondias mombin leaf extract has
significant antimicrobial properties, and thus substantiates its popular and
wide traditional applications in diverse ailments. These plants may therefore
be exploited as a potential preservative in the pharmaceutical and food
industries.
1.2 Aim and Objectives
The
aim of this project work was to study the antibiogram of some Gram -negative
bacteria using extracts of Costus afar
(Okpete) and Spondias mombin
(isikara).
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of this project work
include the followings
i. To
produce extracts from Costus afarand Spondias mombin plant leaves using
ethanol, water and methanol.
ii. To
isolate and identify some Gram -negative bacteria of established pathogenicity.
iii. To
test the sensitivity of the pathogens to the extracts of Costus afar and Spondias
mombin.
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