ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity of the crude leaf extract of Carica papaya on some human pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli) were carried out using agar well diffusion method. The bioactive compounds of the leaf was extracted using Water and Ethanol. The aqueous and ethanol extract were tested at 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml, and 50mg/ml concentration on the bacterial isolates. The result showed that only the ethanolic extract were effective in inhibiting all the test organism. Pseudomonas aeroginosa had the highest susceptibility to the ethanolic extract at 200mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 15.5mm and Escherichia coli had the least susceptibility at 200mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 7.0mm. The test organisms had a higher susceptibility to the standard antibiotic levofloxacin than the leaf extract. Demonstration of the antimicrobial activity on the isolates is an indication that there is a possibility of sourcing for an alternative antibiotic substance in this plant for the development of newer antibacterial agents.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and
Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 5
2.1
Antimicrobial Agents 5
2.2 Plant As
Source Of Antimicrobial Agents 6
2.3 Plants
Product As Therapeutic Agentse 8
2.4 Carica papaya 9
2.4 1 The Plant
Family- Caricaceae 10
2.4.2 Botanic
Description 11
2.4.3
Constituent of different parts of Carica Papaya 12
2.4.4 Medicinal
uses of each Division
of Carica Papaya 13
2.5
Phytochemical constituents of Carica
papaya 16
2.5.1
Alkaloids 17
2.5.2
Flavonoids 19
2.5.3
Glycoside 20
2.5.4 Tannins 21
2.5.5 Saponins
23
2.6
Pharmacology of Carica papaya 24
2.7 Antioxidant Properties of Carica papaya 25
2.8 Antimicrobial properties of Carica papaya 26
CHAPTER
THREE
Materials And Methods 28
3.1.
Sterilization of Materials 28
3.2 Collection
of Plant Materials 28
3.3
Preparation of Plant Material 28
3.4 Collection
and Maintenance of Test Organisms 29
3.5 Standardization
of Test Organisms 29
3.6
Preparation of The Stock Solution Of The Extract 29
3.7
Antimicrobial Assay of Extracts 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 35
5.2 Conclusion 36
References 38
LIST OF TABLES
Table I Chemical composition
of various parts of Carica papaya 12
Table 1 Percentage yield of extract. 32
Table 2 Mean
Diameter Zone of Inhibition (mm) produced by the Extract of Carica Papaya against the Test Organisms 33
Table 3 Table
showing the MIC and MBC values (mg/ml) of the ethanol extract against susceptible organisms 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1: Structure of Alkaloids 18
Fig. 2: Structure of Flavonoids 20
Fig. 3: Structure of Glycoside 21
Fig. 4: Structure of Tannins 22
Fig. 5: Structure of Saponins 23
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A natural
product is a
substance produced by a
living organism found
in nature that usually
has a biological
or pharmacological activity for
use in drug discovery and
drug design (Vederas et al., 2009). Natural products are
important in the treatment of life threatening conditions. Natural
products may be obtained
from extraction of
tissues of plants, marine
organism or from
microorganism fermentation.
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in
the normal growth and reproduction of an
organism. Secondary metabolites often play an important role
in plant defense against
herbivores. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavoring and
recreational drugs. Some examples of Secondary metabolites are alkaloids,
terpenoids, natural phenols, flavanoids, tannis etc. In developing
countries, orthodox medicine is
often the only accessible
and affordable treatment
available (Kare, 2007). Medicinal plants
consists of compounds of therapeutic
properties and have been
in use as remedies
for human diseases
since early civilization. In recent
time, the demand for
the medicinal plants is
increasing in both developing
and developed countries
due to growing recognition
of natural products as
being non-toxic, devoid of side
effects, easily available
and of affordable prices. In
Nigeria, there are several medicinal
plants with potent antibacterial, antidiabetic,
antihyperlipidemic and
antidysuria activities that
lack scientific scrutiny,
examples of such
plants are pineapple (Ananas
comosus) and pawpaw (Carica
papaya) (Anibijuwon and Udeze, 2009). The numerous benefits of C. papaya is
due to its high content of vitamins A, B and C, calcium,
beta-carotene, thiamine, lycopene,
proteolytic enzymes like papain
and chymopapain which have
antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial
properties and it can be used for
the treatment of numerous diseases (Bansode and Chavan,
2013)
In recent years, the growing demand
for herbal products has led to a quantum jump in volume of plant materials
traded across the countries. Therefore, the use and history of herbs dates back
to the time of early man, who had the crudest tools as his implements and use
stones to start his fire. They used herbs in their raw and cooked forms to keep
fit. Since that time, the use of herbs has been known and accepted by all
nations and has been known also as the first art of treatment available to man
(Kafaru, 1994).
The importance of herbs in the management of human
ailments cannot be over emphasized. It is clear that the plant kingdom harbours
an inexhaustible source of active ingredients invaluable in the management of
many intractable diseases. Furthermore, the active components of herbal
remedies have the advantage of being combined with other substances that appear
to be inactive. However, these complementary components give the plant as a
whole a safety and efficiency much superior to that of its isolated and pure
active components (Ahmad, 2001).
Most plants have medicinal value. The active
components are normally extracted from all plant structures, but the
concentrations of these components vary from structure to structure. However,
parts known to contain the highest concentration of the principles are
preferred to therapeutic purposes and it can either be the leaves, stems,
barks, roots, bulks, corms, rhizomes, woods, flowers, fruits or the seeds
(Kafaru, 1994).
Some of the active principles singly or in combination
inhibit greatly the life processes of microbes, especially the disease causing
ones. They do this by binding their protein molecules, acting as chelating
agents (selective binding polyvalent metal ions so that the latter loses its
biological activities), altering their biochemical systems, preventing
utilization of available interests to the microorganisms, other causes
inflammation analysis of microbial cells (Garrod et al., 1995). The
bitter taste, pungent and repulsive smell in some plants; have been found to
have repressive ability over the metabolic activities of a wide range of
microorganisms (Mitscher et al., 1992).
Sofowora (1982) and Baladrin et al., (1985)
defined medicinal plants as plants in which one or more of the organs contains
substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors
for the manufacturing of drugs which are useful for disease therapy. The use of
medicinal plants predates the introduction of antibiotics and other modern
drugs into the African continent. Since medicinal plants do not merely save
people from feeling pain but also permit them to emerge unscathed, then they
deserve investigation. The active components in these medicinal attribute are
expected to be inimical to the growth of at least some microorganisms
especially the disease causing ones e.g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
etc. therefore, many studies and researches had been done on the antimicrobial
properties of many plants.
1.2
Aim and objectives: To determine the antimicrobial activity of crude leaf
extract from Carica papaya on some
pathogenic microorganisms.
The objctives are;
·
To determine the
antimicrobial effect of carica papaya leaf extract on Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa
- To determine the minimum inhibitory
concentration of the extract
against the test organisms
- To determine the minimum bactericidal
concentration of the extract against the test organism
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