ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE LEAF EXTRACT OF CARICA PAPAYA (PAW PAW)

ABSTRACT

The antimicrobial activity of the crude leaf extract of Carica papaya on some human pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli) were carried out using agar well diffusion method. The bioactive compounds of the leaf was extracted using Water and Ethanol. The aqueous and ethanol extract were tested at 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml, and 50mg/ml concentration on the bacterial isolates. The result showed that only the ethanolic extract were effective in inhibiting all the test organism. Pseudomonas aeroginosa had the highest susceptibility to the ethanolic extract at 200mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 15.5mm and Escherichia coli had the least susceptibility at 200mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 7.0mm. The test organisms had a higher susceptibility to the standard antibiotic levofloxacin than the leaf extract. Demonstration of the antimicrobial activity on the isolates is an indication that there is a possibility of sourcing for an alternative antibiotic substance in this plant for the development of newer antibacterial agents.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                    v

List of Tables                                                                                                                          vii

List of Figures                                                                                                                         viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   Introduction                                                                                                                    1

1.2    Aim and Objectives                                                                                                       3

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review                                                                                                                   5

2.1     Antimicrobial Agents                                                                                                    5

2.2     Plant As Source Of Antimicrobial Agents                                                                    6

2.3     Plants Product As Therapeutic Agentse                                                                        8

2.4     Carica papaya                                                                                                              9

2.4 1  The Plant Family-  Caricaceae                                                                                    10

2.4.2  Botanic Description                                                                                                      11

2.4.3  Constituent of different parts of Carica Papaya                                                          12

2.4.4  Medicinal uses of  each  Division  of  Carica Papaya                                                 13

2.5     Phytochemical constituents of  Carica papaya                                                            16

2.5.1   Alkaloids                                                                                                                      17

2.5.2   Flavonoids                                                                                                                   19

2.5.3   Glycoside                                                                                                                     20

2.5.4   Tannins                                                                                                                         21

2.5.5   Saponins                                                                                                                      23

2.6      Pharmacology of Carica papaya                                                                                 24

2.7       Antioxidant Properties of Carica papaya                                                                  25

2.8       Antimicrobial properties of Carica papaya                                                               26

CHAPTER THREE

Materials And Methods                                                                                                          28

3.1.  Sterilization of Materials                                                                                                            28

3.2  Collection of Plant Materials                                                                                          28

3.3   Preparation of Plant Material                                                                                         28

3.4   Collection and Maintenance of Test Organisms                                                             29

3.5   Standardization of Test Organisms                                                                                 29

3.6   Preparation of The Stock Solution Of The Extract                                                        29

3.7   Antimicrobial Assay of Extracts                                                                                     30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Results                                                                                                                            31

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1  Discussion                                                                                                                        35

5.2   Conclusion                                                                                                                      36

References                                                                                                                              38

LIST OF TABLES

Table I             Chemical  composition  of various parts  of  Carica papaya                        12

Table 1            Percentage yield of extract.                                32

Table 2            Mean Diameter Zone of Inhibition (mm) produced by the Extract of Carica Papaya against the Test Organisms                                                     33

Table 3            Table showing the MIC and MBC values (mg/ml) of the ethanol extract against susceptible organisms                         34

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1:  Structure of Alkaloids                                                                                                18

Fig. 2:  Structure of Flavonoids                                                                                              20       

Fig. 3:  Structure of Glycoside                                                                                               21       

Fig. 4:  Structure of Tannins                                                                                                   22

Fig. 5:  Structure of Saponins                                                                                                 23       

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       INTRODUCTION

 A  natural  product  is  a  substance produced  by  a  living  organism  found  in nature  that  usually  has  a  biological  or pharmacological  activity  for  use  in  drug discovery  and  drug design (Vederas et al., 2009). Natural products are important in the treatment of life threatening conditions.  Natural  products may  be  obtained  from  extraction  of  tissues of  plants,  marine  organism  or  from  microorganism  fermentation. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth and  reproduction  of  an organism. Secondary metabolites often play an important  role  in  plant defense against herbivores. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavoring and recreational drugs. Some examples of Secondary metabolites are alkaloids, terpenoids, natural phenols, flavanoids, tannis etc. In  developing  countries,  orthodox  medicine is  often  the only  accessible  and  affordable  treatment  available  (Kare,  2007). Medicinal  plants  consists of compounds  of  therapeutic  properties and  have  been  in  use as  remedies  for  human  diseases  since early civilization.  In  recent  time,  the demand  for  the  medicinal  plants is  increasing in  both  developing  and  developed  countries  due  to growing  recognition  of natural  products  as  being  non-toxic, devoid of  side  effects,  easily  available  and of  affordable  prices. In  Nigeria,  there are several  medicinal  plants  with  potent antibacterial,  antidiabetic,  antihyperlipidemic and  antidysuria activities  that lack  scientific  scrutiny,  examples  of  such  plants are pineapple (Ananas  comosus) and pawpaw  (Carica papaya) (Anibijuwon  and Udeze,  2009). The numerous  benefits of C. papaya  is  due  to  its high content  of vitamins A, B and C, calcium, beta-carotene, thiamine, lycopene,  proteolytic enzymes like  papain and chymopapain  which  have  antiviral,  antifungal and  antibacterial  properties and it  can be  used for  the  treatment  of  numerous  diseases (Bansode  and Chavan,  2013)

In recent years, the growing demand for herbal products has led to a quantum jump in volume of plant materials traded across the countries. Therefore, the use and history of herbs dates back to the time of early man, who had the crudest tools as his implements and use stones to start his fire. They used herbs in their raw and cooked forms to keep fit. Since that time, the use of herbs has been known and accepted by all nations and has been known also as the first art of treatment available to man (Kafaru, 1994).

The importance of herbs in the management of human ailments cannot be over emphasized. It is clear that the plant kingdom harbours an inexhaustible source of active ingredients invaluable in the management of many intractable diseases. Furthermore, the active components of herbal remedies have the advantage of being combined with other substances that appear to be inactive. However, these complementary components give the plant as a whole a safety and efficiency much superior to that of its isolated and pure active components (Ahmad, 2001).

Most plants have medicinal value. The active components are normally extracted from all plant structures, but the concentrations of these components vary from structure to structure. However, parts known to contain the highest concentration of the principles are preferred to therapeutic purposes and it can either be the leaves, stems, barks, roots, bulks, corms, rhizomes, woods, flowers, fruits or the seeds (Kafaru, 1994).

Some of the active principles singly or in combination inhibit greatly the life processes of microbes, especially the disease causing ones. They do this by binding their protein molecules, acting as chelating agents (selective binding polyvalent metal ions so that the latter loses its biological activities), altering their biochemical systems, preventing utilization of available interests to the microorganisms, other causes inflammation analysis of microbial cells (Garrod et al., 1995). The bitter taste, pungent and repulsive smell in some plants; have been found to have repressive ability over the metabolic activities of a wide range of microorganisms (Mitscher et al., 1992).

Sofowora (1982) and Baladrin et al., (1985) defined medicinal plants as plants in which one or more of the organs contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the manufacturing of drugs which are useful for disease therapy. The use of medicinal plants predates the introduction of antibiotics and other modern drugs into the African continent. Since medicinal plants do not merely save people from feeling pain but also permit them to emerge unscathed, then they deserve investigation. The active components in these medicinal attribute are expected to be inimical to the growth of at least some microorganisms especially the disease causing ones e.g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa etc. therefore, many studies and researches had been done on the antimicrobial properties of many plants.

1.2  Aim and objectives: To determine the antimicrobial activity of crude leaf extract from Carica papaya on some pathogenic microorganisms.

The objctives are;

·       To determine the antimicrobial effect of carica papaya leaf extract on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa

• To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration  of the extract against the test organisms
• To determine the minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract against the test organism

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