ABSTRACT
The ethanol extracts of vernonia amyadalina and carica papaya leaves were tested against selected test organisms usin agar dilution method for determining and evaluating their antimicrobial activities. The test organisms used were staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922, enterococcus faecalis ATCC 7080 and salmonella typhi. The ethanol extract of vernonia amyadalina and carica papaya showed stron inhibition at 10,000µg/ml against s.areus ATCC25923 and E.faecalis ATCC7080 while for e.coli plants revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids. The result of antibacterial assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (mic ) and minimum bacterial concentration (mbc) showed that the ethanol extracts from the plant possess significant level of antibacterial activities at varied concentrations against the test organisms, the extract of vernonia amygadalina had minimum inhibitory concentration range between 100ug/ml to 4000ug/ml against three of the test organisms and minimum bactericidal concentration ranged between 2000ug/ml to 5000ug/ml, while the extract of the carica papaya had minimum infibitory concentration range 9000ug/ml against three organisms and minimum bactericidal concentration ranged between 2000ug/ml to 10000ug/ml. the results of the work suggest that the ethanol leaves extract of vernonia amygdalina and carica papaya possess broad spectrum of antibacterial activities. The results validates the ethnomedicinal uses of these plants.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of content v
List of Tables vii
List
of plates viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.2 Aims and
Objectives
2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 5
2.1 Medicinal
Plants
5
2.2 Phytomedicine 7
2.3 Review Of Some Phytochemicals 8
2.4 Ethnopharmacognotic Profile Of The Test Plants 11
2.4.1 Vernonia
amygdalina 11
2.4.1.1 Pharmacology Of Vernonia amygdalina 12
2.4.2 Carica
papaya 14
2.4.2.1 Pharmacology of Carica papaya 15
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 17
3.1 Collection of Plant Materials 17
3.2 Preparation of the Plant Material
19
3.3 Extraction Procedure 19
3.4 Source and Maintenance
of
Test Organisms 20
3.5. Preparation
of Stock
Solution of Extract 20
3.6 Agar Dilution Susceptibility Testing 21
3.7 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 22
3.8 Qualitative Phytochemical
Screening 23
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 25-31
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION 32
5.1 Discussion 32
5.2 Conclusion 34
5.3 Recommendations 35
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Susceptibility of the test organisms to
various concentration of
ethanol extracts of V.amygdalina
and Carica papaya 21
2 MIC and MBC values of susceptible organisms
to the extracts of
V.amygdalina 22
3 MIC and MBC values of
susceptible organisms to the extracts of
Carica papaya 23
4 Qualitative Phytochemical screening of the plant
leaves 24
LIST OF PLATES
Plates Title
page
Vernonia amygdalina
Carica papaya
Zone of inhibition
created by the two plants
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The
connection between man and his search for drugs in nature dates from the far
past, it is well known that nature holds many secrets, however since ancient
times, man have learnt some of these secrets. Among the most useful ones were
those related to how medicinal plants could heal and ameliorate diseases. Awareness
of medicinal plants usage is a result of the many years of struggle against
illnesses due to which man learned to pursue drugs in barks, seeds, fruit
bodies and other parts of plants. The importance of herbs in the management of
human ailments cannot be over emphasized, it is clear that the plant kingdom
harbours an inexhaustible source of active ingredients valuable in the
management of many intractable diseases. Futhermore, the active components of
herbal remedies have the advantage of being combined with other substances that
appear to be inactive. However, these complementary components give the plant
as a whole safety and efficiency much superior to that of its isolated and pure
active components (Ahmad, 2001).
The
non-availability and high cost of new generational antibiotics with limited
effective span, have resulted in an increase in morbidity and mortality
(Williams, 2000). This has lead to the search for newer, more effective,
affordable and readily available sources in particular from local medicinal
plants (herbs). The use of medicinal plants predates the introduction of
antibiotics and other modern drugs into the African continent; it is assumed
that there is no plant that does not have medicinal value. The active
components are normally extracted from all plant structures, but the
concentrations of these components vary from structure to structure. However,
parts known to contain the highest concentration of active components are
preferred for therapeutic purposes and it can either be
the leaves, stems, barks, roots, corms, rhizomes, woods, flowers, fruits or the
seeds (Kafaru, 1994).
The
active components singly or in combination inhibit greatly the life processes
of microbes, especially pathogenic microbes such as Escherichia coli, Proteus
mirabillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In indigenous system of medicine about
1,500 plants are used systematically, however today Botanists, Microbiologists,
Ethnopharmacologists and Natural product chemists over the world are
researching on the discovery of new therapeutic substances of natural origin
with possible low or no toxicity to human, animals and the environment. In
Nigeria over 300 plants are used for treating various diseases including HIV/AIDS,
Opportunistic infections such as Pneumonia, Diarrhea, Typhoid fever,
Tuberculosis, Candidiasis and other ailments (Enwereji, 2008). About 75-80% of
drugs are derived from plants, and the major part of traditional therapy
involves the use of plant extract and their active constituents. This evidently
proves that herbal medicine is still the mainstay of the whole population
(Akerele, 1993).
Vernonia
amygdalina and Carica papaya leaves were
used for this research work. Their use is as old as civilization; they have
been used as popular folk medicine. They are accessible, cheap, affordable,
available and sustainable. They are herbaceous plants and have been used to
treat various skin disorders, gastrointestinal problems, malaria, hepatitis,
diabetes and are believed to be effective in treating stomach ailments. It has
also been alleged that sap from Carica papaya, papain posses antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti inflammatory
activities, it is reported to heal chronic ulcer (Shivananda Nayak et al., 2007).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
·
This research work is
aimed at evaluating and determining the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol
extract of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina
and Carica papaya against the selected test organisms.
·
To determine the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts against
the test organisms.
·
To screen the leaves of Vernonia
amygdalina and Carica papaya for
phytochemical constituents.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment