ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA (LILAC TASSELFLOWER) AND CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (SIAM WEED) ON WOUND PATHOGENS

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata were tested on five microorganism isolated from wound, they include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were resistant to the aqueous leaf extracts of both Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata. The ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata produced 25mm zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus at 100mg/ml concentration while ethanol extracts of Emilia sonchifolia produced the same 25mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at 100mg/ml. Extracts of Emilia sonchifolia produced 20mm zone of inhibition against Candida albicans at 100mg/ml concentration while Chromolaena odorata produced 17mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at the same concentration. Also extracts of Chromolaena odorata produced 20mm zone of inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes at 100mg/ml concentrations while Emilia sonchifolia produced 14mm zone of inhibition against the same organism at the same concentration. Susceptible organisms were subjected to MIC and MBC experiments. However, the experiments carried out showed that the ethanol leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata can be used in the treatment of wound infection. This justifies the therapeutic use of Chromolaea odorata and Emilia sonchifolia.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION i

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

ABSTRACT vii

 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 2

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 4

2.2 WOUND 5

2.3 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 6

2.4 ORIGIN AND MEDICINAL USE OF Emilia

sonchifolia (IDENTITY AND TAXONOMY) 8

2.5 ORIGIN AND MEDICINAL USES OF Chromolaena

            odorata (IDENTITY AND TAXONOMY)

2.6 PHYTOTHERAPY 9

2.7 PHYTOCHEMICALS 10

2.8 CLASSIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS    10

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1   C0LLECTION OF PLANT MATERIALS 14

3.2 PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT                                   14

3.3 COLLECTION OF WOUND SAMPLE                                              15

3.4 INOCULATION OF SAMPLE 16

3.5 CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ISOLATES 16

3.6    BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION 18

3.7   ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST 16

3.8    DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION

           (MIC) AND MINIMUM  BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATION (MBC)

           OF PLANT EXTRACT 19

3.9    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 19

CHAPTER 4

RESULT 21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 27

5.2 CONCLUSION 29

5.3 RECOMMENDATION 30

REFERENCES 31

APPENDICES 35

LIST OF TABLES

Table        Title Page

1  Morphology and Characteristics of Bacteria Isolated from Wound         22

 2 Morphology and characteristics of fungi isolated from wound            23

 3   Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of

Aqueous and Ethanolic leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia 

against test isolates       24

 4   Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

of Aqueous and Ethanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata 

against test isolates      25

 5 Phytochemical Components of Leaf Extracts of Emilia sonchifolia

and Chromolaena odorata 26

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

It is well known that nature holds many secrets, however since ancient times man has learnt some of it’s secrets. Among the most useful ones, were those related to how medicinal plants could heal and ameliorate disease. Indigenous plants widely used for folk medicinal purposes are numerous and diverse.

In Bangladesh about 500 plant species have been identified as medicinal plants because of their therapeutic properties (Ghani, 2000).

Since time immemorial man has various parts in the treatment and prevention of many ailments (Chan et al., 2006). Historically all medicinal preparations were derived from crude extracts, mixtures etc. Today a substantial number of drugs are developed from plants (Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001) which are active against a number of diseases. Although some of the therapeutic properties attributed to plants, have proven to be erroneous, medicinal plant therapy is based on empirical findings of hundreds and thousand of years (Gurib Fakim, 2006).

In recent years, numbers of studies have been reported dealing with antimicrobial screening of extracts of medicinal plants (Samy et al., 2000).

Antimicrobial properties of various parts of plants like leaves, seeds and fruits have been well documented for some of the medicinal plants for the past decades (West et al., 2004). A variety of compounds are accumulated in plants parts accounting for their constitutive antimicrobial activities (Iwu et al., 2002).

Wound infection is one of the common diseases in developing countries because of poor hygiene conditions (Senthil et al., 2006). Wounds are the physical injuries that results in an opening or breakage of the skin, appropriates methods for healing of wounds is essential for the restoration of disrupted anatomical continuity and disturbed functional status of the skin (Meenaski et al., 2006).

Healing of wound starts from the moment of injury and can continue for varying period of time depending on the extent of wound, and the process can broadly categorized into three stages: inflammatory phase, proliferate phase and finally the remodeling phase which ultimately determines the strength and appearance of the healed wound (Sumitra et al., 2005).

Many efforts has been done to discover new antimicrobial compounds of various plants. One of such resources is folk medicine and systematic screening of them may result in the discovery of novel effective compounds.

Further, scientific investigation and information of the therapeutic potential of the plant material is limited. However the antimicrobial activities of these plants have not been thoroughly studied.

Therefore the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of the leaf extracts of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata on wound pathogens.  

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Many investigations have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of the chemical constituents of some plants, and quite a number of chemical components of plant origin have been shown to possess antimicrobial activities (Louis, 1999). In disease of microbial origin, the plants functions as a result of antimicrobial activity against the causative agents (Sofowora, 1993).

Traditional forms of medicines practiced for centuries in Africa are being scientifically investigated for their potential in the treatment of wound disorders (Krishman, 2006).

The importance of this study lies on how plant extracts can be used in the restoration of disrupted skin.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objectives of this study are as follows.

To isolate and identify pathogenic wound organisms.

To determine the antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaf of Emilia sonchifolia and Chromolaena odorata on wound pathogens

To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MBC) of the ethanolic plant extracts against the above mentioned pathogen.

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