ABSTRACT
The quest for search of a new microbial active agent has led to the exploitation of the snail .Achatina fulica, this species is known to carry parasites and harbor a dense metabolically active community. The microorganisms isolated from snail gut samples gotten from Ahiaeke Market, Abia State, Nigeria was studied. The bacterial isolated from the snail gut were Micrococcus sp, Bacillius sp, Pseudomonas sp, and Enterobacter sp. And fungi isolated were Aspergillis sp, Penicillium sp, and Fusarium sp. Aspergillius sp and Penicillium sp were used as test organisms against the isolated bacterial. To know which inhibits the growth and shows antifungal effect against test organisms. Aspegillus sp and Penicillum sp with D1 showing the highest zone of inhibition (16mm) and E1 showing the least zone of inhibition (9mm)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Aim 3
1.2 Objective 3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Snail
Description 4
2.1.1 Diet
4
2.1.2 Damage 5
2.1.3
Prevention and Avoidance 7
2.1.4 Physical
Barriers 7
2.1.5
Cultural Practices 8
2.1.6 Biological Control 9
2.2 Overview of Fungi 9
2.2.1 Characteristic/functions
of fungi life 10
2.2.2 Life
water associated fungi (aquatic fungi) 10
2.3 Overview
of bacteria 12
2.3.1
Growth 12
2.3.2 Factors
that affect the generation time of bacteria 13
2.3.3
Bacterial metabolism 14
2.3.4 Human
bacterial diseases 14
2.3.5 Importance
of bacteria 15
2.3.6 Secondary metabolites of fungi 15
2.4
Aspergillus 17
2.5
Penicillium 18
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection of samples 20
3.2 Isolation of Microorganism from the Gut of
Snail 20
3.2.1
Screening of isolate for antagonism
(antimicrobial effect) 20
3.2.2 Identification and Characterization of
isolate 21
3.3
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS 21
3..3.1 Gram
Staining 22
3.3.2
Catalase Test 22
3.3.3
Indole Test 22
3.3.4 Citrate
Utilization Test 22
3.3.5 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Production Test 22
3.3.6 Oxidase Test 23
3.3.7 Starch
Hydrolysis 23
3.4.
Antifungal Screening 24
3.5 Agar well diffusion method 24
3.6 Measuring zone of inhibition 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS 26
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Discussion 30
5.2 Conclusion 32
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
List
of Tables
Table
1: Diameter zone of inhibition
(mm) of isolates against test fungi 27
Table 2: Description of culture Morphology and
Biochemical features of the isolates. 28
Table
3: Identification of fungi
isolated 29
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Microorganism in nature competes for survival
in their habitats. The biologics took of
antagonistic nature is achieved by the development of competitive mechanisms
such as the production of antimicrobial agents like antibiotics, sideophores,
dioxin and enzymes, etc. antagonistic microorganism, by their interactive with
various pathogens play a major role in microbial equilibrium and serves as
powerful agent for biological disease control.
The interaction between antimicrobial agents
produced by bacteria and plant pathogen has been studied extensively, and the
application of antimicrobial agents in the protection of crops or promising,
besides their pharmaceutical application.
In the post-industrial information age,
biotechnological era is replaced largely the mechanical and chemical eras of
the industrial age. In the back drop of
globalization, there is a reawakening to our ultimate reliance on biological
processes. These has been a rise in
studies of relationship between invertebrates, microorganism and plants/soil
development (Edward et al.,1988). Investigation of the interaction of
microorganism with soil invertebrates is one of the ways to study the
development in biogeocenoses (Szabo, 2001, Ehu et al., 2000). As snails are bred in bioconversion of organic works
their gut flora must be explored as they are ecofriendly and farmers best
friends. So the present study was focused on the gut bacteria, fungal and their
activities.
Since the time of the “green Revolution”
promoted in early part of 20th century, the food production was
boosted but without forisecing some of its oil effects. With the recent realization to maintain
ecological balance for the substances of agriculture production, farmers and
scientist alots are aiming of finding an alternative to chemical
agriculture. The potential use of
microbes based biocontrol agents as replacement or supplement for agrochemical
has been addressed in many recent reports (Shimizu et al., 2000, Aghighi et al.,
2004, Shahidi Bonjor et al., 2006).
The green snail, Turbo marmorates (Gastropoda
Turbinidae), has been widely used as food items in tropical and subtropical
western pacific regions, as well as a material for shell craft in Korea, China,
Japan and Europe for hundreds of years (Avakawa 1985). Over the past twenty years, the population of
the green snail in the Ryukyu Island (Southern Japan) and Southern Ashier have
markedly diseased are become endangered because of heavy over fishing
(Chantrapornsyl 1995). Pactectard sea
farming co-ogeratives in both Okinawa and Kageshina initiated seed production
and release project of the green snail to help sustainable propagation of the
natural resources of this species (Komatsu et
al., 1995, Manu et al., 1996). In order to select the most suitable site for
releasing green snail seed, it is necessary to detail the distribution, habitat
and food habit of the animal (Yoshiga et
al., 1987). Although the habitat o
the green snail in Tokunoshima Island has been preliminarily reported by Homma
(1987), Yamagachi (1988), and yamagachi and Kikutani (1989), its vertical
distribution was not well known.
However, this information is necessary to select the optimal site for
release of seeds, further, a survey on the gut center of the green snail, as
well as the distribution of the marine algae award their natural habitat, was
necessary to clarify the nutrient sources for the culture of green snail.
Microorganisms lives in biosphere, including
soil, hot springs, several miles deep in the ocean, 40 miles high in the
atmosphere. The total amount of soil and sub-surface bacterial carbon is
estimated as 5x1017g.
Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient
recycling in ecosystem as they act as decomposers. Fix nitrogen, they are as
vital parts of the nitrogen cycle, microorganism are also exploited in
biotechnology, even in traditional food and beverages preparation. A small
proportion of microorganism are pathogenic and causes disease and even death in
plants and animals. Microorganisms can also be called Microbes.
1.2 Aim
i.
To evaluate the Anti-fungal effect of microorganisms isolated from snail
gut.
1.3 Objective
·
Isolation of microorganisms from snail gut.
·
Characterization of isolated organisms.
·
Evaluation of antifungal activities
of isolates
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