ABSTRACT
The project studied the antifungal effects of bacteria species isolated from the Rhizosphere of ginger plant. Seven species of bacteria were isolated from five rhizospheric soils of ginger plants with varying levels of occurrence including a species of Bacillus (100%), Pseudomonas sp (100%), Staphylococcus sp (100%), Proteus (60%), Actinomyces (100%), Escherichia coli (20%) and lactobacillus (40%). Antifungal activity was tested on five chosen fungal species which included Aspergillus sp, Penicilliltm sp, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus sp and Yeast sp. The results obtained revealed that three microbial isolates, Bacillus sp, Actinomyces and Pseudomonas were active against the fungi but to varying extents. Bacillus showed the highest antifungal potency with inhibition zones diameters that ranged from 13.67mm to 22.67mm while Pseudomonas had the least (1.67mm to 17.67mm). The inhibition of Actinomyces was in the range of 14.33mm to 17.33mm. However, the activities of the bacteria isolates against the fungi were lower than that of commercial antifungal agent, mancozade. Notwithstanding, the bacteria isolates showed high relative potencies when compared with the standard antifungal drug. The relative potency of Bacillus isolate was between 64.09% to 88.31% that of Pseudomonas was in the range of 54.71% to 61.04% while that of the Actinomyces was in the range of 55.82 to 73.47%. There were significant variation in the antifungal effect of the ginger rhizospheric bacterial isolates on the test fungi. Therefore some bacteria species were isolated from the rhizosphere of ginger that have antifungal tendencies.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
S/N Titles Page
Title Page
i
Certification ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table of Contents
v
List of Tables
vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTON 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aims
3
1.3 Objectives
3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Rhizosphere Plant
4
2.2 Beneficial Micro Organism in Plant
Rhizosphere 5
2.3 Bacteria Association with Rhizosphere 6
2.4 Microbial Ecology of Rhizosphere 7
2.5 Control of Fungi Pathogen 8
2.6 Microorganism Found in the Rhizosphere of
Ginger 8
2.7 Ginger As An Antioxidant 9
2.7.1 Antioxidant Studies of Ginger Extracts 9
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS 10
3.1 Materials
10
3.1.1 Sources of Materials 10
3.2 Methods
10
3.2.1 Sample and
Media Preparation 10
3.2.2 Media
Preparation
10
3.2.3 Preparation
of Soil Sample 11 3-3 Isolation
of Rliizospheric Bacteria
12 3-3.1 , Characterization
of bacteria isolates 12
3.3.2 Colony
features (morphology)
12
3.3.3
Microscopic characteristics 12
3.3.4
Biochemical characteristics 13
3.3.5
Carbohydrate (sugar) utility tests 13 3.4
Identification of bacteria isolates
13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 14
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 21
5.1
Discussion
21
5.2
Conclusion
23
5.3
Recommendation
23
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
1: Morphological and
Biochemical Characteristics of Test Isolate
17
2: Occurrence
of Bacteria Isolates the Rhizospheric Soil of Ginger Plant 18
3: Antifungal Activity of Rhizobacteria
Isolates of ginger Plants
19
4; Relative Potency of
Rhizobacteria of ginger against Standard Fungicide
(Mancozade)
20
VII
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTON
1.1 THE HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF GINGER
Ginger, botanically known as Zingiber
officinale Roscoe, belongs to the Zmgiberaccac family, which encompasses 47
genera and 1400 species, including turmeric (Curcuma longa) and cardamom
(two main genera, Elettariaand Amonnim.) The genus, Zingiber, contains
150 species; however, the only species extensively used for flavoring is Z.officinal.
It is grown from April to December at an optimal elevation between 300 and
900m, requiring a warm, humid climate while preferring light shade.
Ginger has been cultivated in southern
Asian countries for over 3000 years and its discovery and value as a spice and
medicinal plant has been well documented. Ginger has been mentioned in several
places throughout history: “Round amongst them (the righteous in paradise) is
passed vessels of silver and goblets made of glass... a cup, the admixture of which
is ginger” (Koran 76: 15-17). One of the earliest references
made was by Rabbi Benjamin Tudella from his travels
between 1 159 and 1173 A.D. who described the cultivation and trade of spices
coming from the ancient port of Quilon, in the State of Kerala. The most significant
event that changed the history of the spice trade was the landing of Vasco da
Gama in 1498 on the west coast of India, Malabar Coast (Kerala), Additional
documentation dating back to 1298 A.D. was found in Marco Polo's travelogue stating
that since its discovery. India has been the largest producing country of
ginger. Together, two of the states within the country, Kerala and Meghalaya,
make up 30 to 40% of the world's total ginger production. The second largest
ginger producer is Nigeria, followed by several other producers and exporters
dispersed throughout the world: China, Jamaica, Taiwan, Sierra Leone, Fiji,
Mauritius, Indonesia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ghana, Japan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Hawaii,
Guatemala and many Pacific Ocean Islands. Huge annual losses of crops and farm
produces are recorded due to pests and diseases and this make it imperative for
concerted efforts towards the control of such. Many different approaches are
taken in the attach on plants, pathogen including bacteria, fungi, viruses,
pest etc. while the use of synthetic pesticides is wide spread, there are
reports on the negative side effect of the synthetic pesticides used disease control
programmes. This has elucidated growing interests and awareness on the need for
integrated pest management tactics and strategies which provide environmentally
friendly and economically acceptable alternative for agriculture.
Verselora, et al., (2008)
observed that there are several characteristics of microorganism which makes
them useful in disease and suppression, including production of siderophores,
hydrogen cyanide and antibiotics. Also some prerequisite for optimal
performance of biocontrol agents including production of antifungal
metabolites, induction of the systematic resistance and ability to constipate
efficiently with resident rhizobacteria, have been listed. The potentiality of
using strains of beneficial bacteria for biocontrol of soil borne fungal
pathogens has been demonstrated in many crops. Again reported successful use of
rhizospheric pseudomanas to control several sweet potato fungi pathogen, in the
works of two potent bacteria, micrococcus and staphylocuccus epidermics
demonstrated activity against many other microorganism. The result concluded
that the rhizopheric bacteria crude extract were found to active against all
tested pathogenic strain. There recorded fact seems to suggest very strongly,
that produce bacteria metabolite be used in the management of microbial
infections of crops.
Although many different microorganisms can
be used as biocontrol agents, there are important evidence in the soil borne
bacteria in their roles as suppressors and inhibitors of pathogens.
Against this preceding information, this
project was designed to study the antifungal effects of some bacteria isolated
from the rhizosphere of ginger plants, on some common plant fungal pathogens.
1.2 AIMS
The aim of this project work is to
evaluate the antifungal effect of bacteria isolates from the rhizospheric soil
of ginger plants.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this include the
following:
·
To isolate bacteria from the rhizospheric soil
of ginger plants
·
To characterized and identify the bacteria isolated
from the rhizospheric soil of ginger
·
To test for antifungal activity of bacteria
isolated against some selected fungi specie especially those histories of
pathogenicity against crops
·
To compare the performance of the different
bacteria isolated against the test fungi specie.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment