EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE ON THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF ACTINOMYCETE ISOLATED FROM THE SOIL

  • 0 Review(s)

Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00008878

No of Pages: 36

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

₦3000


ABSTRACT

Actinomycetes sp. And Streptomyces sp. was isolated from the soil of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State. Physiological and biochemical analysis strongly suggested that the isolate belonged to the genus of Actinomyces and Streptomyces Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors in soil, exerting not only direct effects on the soil microorganisms. The aim of this study was to select the optimal temperature for the production of antifungal compounds effective against Collectotrichum and Alternaria sp. Activity of the cultivation liquids on Alternaria and Collectotrichum isolates was tested in vitro using Agar well diffusion method. The results  indicate that maximum inhibition zone was reached in medium with temperature range with inhibition diameter 1.5mm for Alternaria sp., 16mm for Collectotrichum sp. in isolate 1 (Actinomyces sp) at 300C and 200C and 25mm for Collectotrichum sp., 7mm for Alternaria sp. for isolate 2. The efficiency of the Actinomycetes isolate  increased after the optimization of nutritional parameters. Therefore, in order to increase the chances of discovery of new and effective antibiotic against pathogenic bacteria it is necessary to isolate and screen new species from unexplored regions. Improved methodologies and nutritional conditions also plays crucial role in increasing their efficiency.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                             i

Certification                                                                                                                       ii

Dedication                                                                                                                          iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                                             iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                            v

List of Tables                                                                                                                           viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                                      1

1.1 Aim and Objectives                                                                                                          3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Literature Review                                                                                                                   4

2.1 Actinomycetes                                                                                                                  4

2.2 Antifungals                                                                                                                       7

2.3   Streptomyces                                                                                                                   7

2.3.1    Morphology of Streptomyces                                                                                     8

2.3.2    Importance of Streptomyces                                                                                       9

CHAPTER THREE

 

3.0   Materials And Methods                                                                                                  11

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                            11

3.2 Media Used                                                                                                                       11

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      11

3.4 Bacteriological Procedure                                                                                                12

3.4.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                                12

3.4.2 Motility Test                                                                                                                  12

3.5 Biochemical Cultural Characteristics                                                                               13

3.5.1    Starch hydrolysis test                                                                                                  13

3.5.2    Hydrogen sulfide test                                                                                                  13

3.5.3 Gelatin hydrolysis                                                                                                          14

3.5.4    Catalase test                                                                                                                14

3.5.5    Oxidase test                                                                                                                14

3.5.6    Carbohydrate fermentation test                                                                                  15

3.6 Effect of Temperature                                                                                                      15

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      Results                                                                                                               17

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                                                                                       22

5.1   Discussion                                                                                                                   23

5.2   Conclusion                                                                                                                  23

5.3   Recommendation                                                                                                                                                                                                                 23

References                                                                                                                  23 Appendix                                                                                                                        

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

  Table                            Title                                                                Page

 4.1  Morphology and Biochemical Characterization of isolated Organisms                   18

4.2 Biochemical Characterization of isolated organisms                                                       19

4.3 The effect of Temperature on antifungal activities of Actinomycetes                                      20

isolated from soil (Isolate 1).

4:4 The effect of  temperature on antifungal activities of Actinomycetes                                     21

isolated from soil. (Isolate 2).

 

 

 



 

 

CHAPTER ONE


1.0      INTRODUCTION

Actinomycetes are the group of gram positive filamentous bacteria which are ubiquitous various natural and man-made environments. Actinomycetes are the most economically valuable prokaryotes which are well known to produce chemically diverse metabolites with wide range of biological activity (Balagurunathan and Radhakrishnan, 2007).

Recent days the discovery of known metabolites and actinomycetes are increasing due to the exploitation of natural ecosystems. Exploitation of less and unexplored ecosystems for actinomycetes is highly necessary for the discovery of novel bioactive metabolites. Actinomycetes are important sources of new bioactive compounds such as antibiotics and enzymes (Xu et al.,  2005) which have diverse clinical effects and are active against many organisms (Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites etc.). In fact more than 50% of the known natural antibiotics are produced from actinomycetes (Miyadoh, 2003).

The most striking feature of the actinomycetes is their ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. These natural products have been extraordinary sources of lead structures in the development of newer drugs (Weber et al., 2003).

Actinomycetes are widely distributed in nature, and are typically useful in the pharmaceutical industry for their seemingly unlimited capacity to produce secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structures and biological activities (Kumar et al.,2014). Agadagba (2014) also reported that the two major groups of soil actinomycetes that serve as important sources of antibiotics are Streptomyces and Micromonospora. It has been stated that Streptomyces account for about 80% of the total antibiotic products; while Micromonospora closely follows with less than one tenth as much as Streptomyces.

Many species of actinomycetes, particularly those belonging to the genus Streptomyces, are well known as antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi (Joo, 2005; Errakhi, et al.,  2007). Streptomyces species are Gram positive, aerobic microorganisms with high DNA G + C contents and produce half of all known antibiotics from microorganisms (Kumar et al., 2014). Keikha et al. (2015) stated that the antagonistic activity of Streptomyces to fungal pathogens is usually related to the production of antifungal compounds and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Chitinase and β- 1, 3-glucanase are considered to be important hydrolytic enzymes in the lysis of fungal cell walls, as for example, cell walls of Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia minor, and S. rolfsii. Approximately, 80% of known antibiotics have been produced from Streptomyces (Palla et al., 2018).

Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors in soil, exerting not only direct effects on the soil microorganisms, but also indirect effects, for example on the plant community composition, nutrient conditions and metal solubility and toxicity (Fernandez-Calvino and Baath, 2010).According to Guimaraes et al. (2004), the pH of the culture medium is one of the most important environmental factors, because it exerts a marked effect on the activity of several enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions, as well as exerting significant influence on complex physiological phenomena such as membrane permeability and cell morphology. The production of secondary metabolites from the genus Streptomyces can be influenced by optimization of the nutritional requirements and cultural conditions. These conditions play an important role in the production of these secondary metabolites (Khattab et al., 2016).

Singh et al. (2017) suggested that the ability of Streptomyces to form these bioactive compounds is not a fixed property but can be greatly increased or decreased under different conditions of nutrition and cultivation media. Bundale et al. (2015) stated that this is because antibiotic biosynthesis is a specific property of microorganisms which depends greatly on culture conditions. Improvement in the growth and antibiotic production can be carried out by manipulating the nutritional and physical parameters of the culturing conditions. Hence media composition plays a vital role in the efficiency and economics of the ultimate process. He also reported that several cultural parameters like pH play a major role in the production of bioactive metabolites and affect the antifungal activities of Streptomyces.  The temperature of the culture medium affects not only growth but also production of the antibiotic. Optimum Temperature for production of antimicrobial compound was found to be between 200C and 300C .


1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of temperature on antifungal activity of actinomycetes.

The objectives are:

1.     To determine the antifungal effect of actinomycetes isolated from soil.

2.     To determine the effect of temperature on the antifungal activities of the isolated actinomycetes.

 

Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects

FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!

+(234) 0814 780 1594

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.

Ratings & Reviews

0.0

No Review Found.


To Review


To Comment