ABSTRACT
The present study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents, median lethal dose (LD50) and anticonvulsant potential of the methanol leaf extract of Securidaca longipedunculata, commonly known as violet tree. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard laboratory procedures, while the anticonvulsant activity was evaluated using two models of epilepsy; pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion and the maximal electroshock-induced convulsion. The results showed that saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and carbohydrates were present in the extract, while the LD50 of the extract was estimated to be above 5000 mg/kg body weight. The anticonvulsant study showed that the extract afforded only 20 % protection to the laboratory animals against the chemically induced convulsion of pentylenetetrazole at 75 and 150 mg/kg body weight, and the mean onset of convulsion increases slightly which was not statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated group. The extract also gave only 10 % protection against the maximal electroshock-induced convulsion at 75 and 300 mg/kg body weight, and the duration of convulsion decreases slightly which was not also statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the untreated group. The study showed that the methanol leaf extract of Securidaca longipedunculata at the doses tested and under the experimental conditions reported, may not contain bioactive compounds that have anticonvulsant activity as claimed by the traditional practitioners.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
ABSTRACT xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 STATEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 2
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY 5
2.2 METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT 6
2.3 VIOLET TREE (Securidaca longipedunculata) 7
2.4 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF VIOLET TREE (Securidaca longipedunculata) 8
2.5 COMMON NAMES OF VIOLET TREE (Securidaca longipedunculata) 9
2.6 TRADITIONAL USES OF VIOLET TREE (Securidaca longipedunculata) 10
2.6.1 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY USES: 10
2.6.2. ANALGESIC USES: 10
2.6.3. WOUND HEALING: 11
2.6.4. ANTIMICROBIAL USES: 11
2.6.5. ANTIMALARIAL USES: 11
2.6.6. DIURETIC PROPERTIES: 11
2.6.7. RESPIRATORY AILMENTS: 11
2.6.8. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS: 12
2.7 PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF VIOLET TREE (Securidaca longipedunculata) 12
2.7.1. TRITERPENOIDS: 12
2.7.2. FLAVONOIDS: 12
2.7.3. ALKALOIDS: 13
2.7.4. STEROLS: 13
2.7.5. SAPONINS: 13
2.8 PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES VIOLET TREE (Securidaca longipedunculata) 13
2.8 .1 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: 13
2.8.2 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: 14
2.8.3. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY: 14
2.8.4 ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY: 14
2.8 5. ANALGESIC ACTIVITY: 14
2.9 EPILEPSY 15
2.11 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: 16
2.13 SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS REPORTED TO HAVE ANTICONVULSANT OR ANTIEPILEPTIC ACTIVITY 17
2.14 SIDE EFFECTS OF MODERN ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS 18
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD 20
3.0 Materials and Methods 20
3.1 Collection and Identification of Plant 20
3.2 Preparation of the Extract 20
3.3 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening 21
3.4 Determination of Median Lethal Dose (LD50) 21
3.5 Anticonvulsant Activity 21
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 23
4.1 Results 23
4.2 Anticonvulsant Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract S. longipedunculata 25
4.3 Discussion 27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29
5.1 Conclusion 29
5.2 Recommendation 29
REFERENCES 30
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Phytochemical Constituents of the Methanol Leaf Extract of S. longipedunculata 23
Table 2: Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of Methanol Leaf Extract of S. longipedunculata 24
Table 3: Effects of Methanol Leaf Extract of S. longipedunculata on the Maximal Electroshock-Induced Convulsion in Chicks 25
Table 4: Effects of Methanol Leaf Extract of S. longipedunculata on PTZ-Induced Convulsion 26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Securidaca longipedunculata, commonly known as violet or fibre tree, it is a small tree which belongs to the family Polygalaceae (Van Wyk et al., 2009). It is locally known as Uwar Magunguna (Mother of Medicines) in Hausa language, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa such as Botswana, Gambia, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe (Baloyi and Tshisikhawe, 2009; Tshisikhawe et al., 2012).
The plant is traditionally used to manage many diseases which include malaria, gonorrhoea, headaches, cancer, rheumatism, tuberculosis, diabetes, toothache, pains, epilepsy, convulsion, constipation, pneumonia, backache, sexually transmitted infections, skin infections, and also used as an aphrodisiac (Moshi et al., 2007; Viol, 2009; Maroyi, 2013; Mustapha, 2013). The root bark extracts of the violet tree was reported to have antibacterial and antifungal activities (Musa et al., 2013; Ndamitso et al., 2013). Also, the aqueous and methanol extracts of the root bark exhibited strong antitrypanosomal, antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities (Freiburghaus et al., 1996; Bah et al., 2007; Muanda et al., 2010; Karou et al., 2012; Haruna et al., 2013). The insecticidal, molluscicidal and pesticidal properties of the root bark, stem bark and leaf extracts were reported by many researchers (Olofintoye, 2010; Afful et al., 2012; Eziah et al., 2013). On other hand, the preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, volatile oils, terpenoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and steroids in different parts of the plant (Auwal et al., 2012; Gbadamosi, 2012). Presenegenin, Securinine, β-Sitosterol, Quercetin-3-O-D-xyloside, benzyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoate, 1, 7-dihydroxy-4- methoxyxanthone and methyl salicylate were also isolated from the root and leaf of S. longipedunculata (Jayasakara et al., 2002; Van Wyk et al., 2005).
The current therapy of epilepsy with modern anticonvulsant is associated with many side effects such as psychiatric effects, weight changes, dose-related, teratogenic effects, chronic toxicity, hypersensitivity and approximately 20-30 % of the patients continue to have seizures with the current anticonvulsant drugs therapy. Therefore, there is need for new anticonvulsant drugs with greater efficacy to serve as alternate therapy for the treatment of resistant epilepsy (Tomson and Battino, 2005; Ben-Menachem, 2007), therefore, the present study was aimed at evaluating the anticonvulsant activity of the methanol leaf extract of S. longipedunculata.
1.2 STATEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
It has been estimated that about 50 million people have epilepsy all over the world, and nearly 80 % of those people are living in low and middle income countries. Also, the risk of premature death in people with epilepsy in developing countries is up to three times higher than for the general population (WHO, 2019). The current therapy of epilepsy with modern antiepileptic drugs is associated with many side effects such as teratogenic effects, chronic toxicity, psychiatric effects, weight changes, dose-related, hypersensitivity and approximately 30 % of the patients continue to have seizures with the current antiepileptic drugs therapy. Therefore, there is need for new antiepileptic drugs particularly from plants which may have greater efficacy and novel mechanisms of action than the current antiepileptic drugs (Tomson and Battino, 2005; Ben-Menachem, 2007).
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Medicinal Plants are potential sources of new drugs or semi synthetic drugs for man whose use to control diseases is centuries old practice. There is an urgent need to explore and utilize the naturally endowed rich biodiversity of indigenous communities through research that could translate to benefits for mankind. Such investigations on medicinal plants could provide useful leads for the synthesis of important active compounds or new drugs (Sultana, 2011). In Northern Nigeria, Securidaca longipedunculata is used by traditional healers for the treatment of epilepsy without any scientific validation. Securidaca longipedunculata is used by traditional healers in Northern Nigeria for the management of epilepsy, and the antiepileptic potentials of its root and stem bark have already been evaluated by many workers. However, this plant is seriously under threat because of the overexploitation of its root and stem bark (Abubakar et al., 2016), therefore, there is need to evaluate the antiepileptic and phytochemical activities of the leaves of this plant in order to reduce pressure on the root and stem bark, and this could serve as one of the conservation strategies to save this plant from becoming endangered or extinct.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim
The overall aim of this study is to provide the scientific basis for the use of S. longipedunculata leaves in traditional medicine for the management of epilepsy.
Objectives
1. To carry out preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol leaves extract of S. longipedunculata
2. To establish the anticonvulsant or antiepileptic property of the methanol leaves extract of S. longipedunculata.
3. To establish the median lethal dose (LD50) of the methanol leaves extracts of S. longipedunculata
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