ABSTRACT
The antibacterial investigation of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sansevieria liberica carried out in this study, involved the determination of the sensitivity pattern and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the dried leaf extracts against four pathogenic bacteria. Also phytochemical tests were carried out to determine the secondary metabolites present in the extracts. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts were screened for antibacterial activity, the ethanolic extract exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) bacteria which were comparable to that of chloramphenicol, while the aqueous extract showed no activity. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract showed the presence of various bioactive substances such as, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. The minimum inhibitory values for the ethanolic extract (12.5-50 mg/ml) where higher (indicating lower activity) than the corresponding control drug (0.45-0.55 mg/ml) which was lower(indicating higher activity), probably because of slow diffusion rates of the active constituents of the extract in agar. This results from this study showed that the dried leaves of Sansevieria liberica possess antibacterial activity.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgments iv
Table of
content v
List of
tables
vii
List of
figures
viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Objectives of the study 3
1.3 Significance of the study 3
1.4 Statement of problem 3
CHAPTER TWO
Literature
Review 4
2.1 Origin and description of Sansevieria liberica 4
2.2 Ecology of Sansevieria liberica 4
2.3 Phytochemical constituents and chemical
compositions 5
of Sansevieria
liberica
2.4 Classification of some phytochemicals 5
2.5 Indigenous uses of Sansevieria liberica 8
2.6 Therapeutic uses of Sansevieria liberica 8
2.7 Prospects of Sansevieria liberica 9
2.8 Molluscicidal activity 9
2.9 Pathogenesis of test organisms 9
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods 13
3.1 Sample collection and identification 13
3.2 Test organisms 13
3.3 Extraction
13
3.4 Qualitative phytochemical screening 14
3.5 Biochemical test 15
3.6 Determination
of antibacterial activity 16
3.7 Agar well diffusion method 16
3.8 Determination of minimum inhibitory
concentration 16
CHAPTER FOUR
Results 18
4.1 Yield of extracts 18
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 25
5.1 Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 26
5.3 Recommendation 27
References
LIST OF
TABLES
Table
4.1: Yield of plant extracts 19
Table
4.2: Results of phytochemical analysis
of the dried 20
leaves of Sansevieria liberica
Table
4.3: Sensitivity Pattern for the Test
Bacteria 21
Table
4.4: Inhibition zone diameter (mm) of
extracts of dried leaves 22
of Sansevieria liberica
Table
4.5: Inhibition zone diameter (mm) for
the control: 23
Chloramphenicol
Table
4.6: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
(mg/ml) 24
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1: Fresh leaves of Sansevieria liberica 28
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Infectious
diseases are the world`s leading cause of premature deaths, killing about
50,000 people every day. Morbidity and mortality due to diarrohea continues to
be a major problem in many developing countries especially children. Many
bacteria have potentials that can be exploited for human benefits, while some
can cause infections to man, animals, and plants. Infectious due to a variety
of bacterial etiological agents such as pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, Klebisella species are most common.
In
recent years, drug resistant to human pathogenic bacteria have been commonly
reported from all over the world (Piddock and Wise, 1989; Singh et al., 1992; Mulligen et al., 1993). With the continous use of
antibiotics, bacteria have become resistant. In addition to the problem,
antibiotics are sometimes associated with adverse effects on host which include
hypersensitivity, depletion of beneficial gut and mucosal microorganisms,
immunosuppression, and allergic reaction (Lopez et al., 2001). This has created immense clinical problem in the
treatment of infectious diseases (Javis, 1994). Therefore there is a need to
develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious
diseases. One approach is to screen local medicinal plants for possible
antimicrobial properties.
Nature
has long been an important source of medicinal agents. An impressive number of
modern drugs have been isolated or derived from natural source based on their
used in traditional medicine. The use of medicinal plants as a source of relief
from illness can be traced back over five millennia to written documents of the
early civilization in China, India, and the North East, but it is doubtless an
art as old as mankind. Plant materials remain an important resource to combat serious
diseases in the world. According to World Health Organization (1993), 80% of
the world`s population is dependent on the traditional medicine and a major
part of the therapies involves the use of plant extracts in their active
constituents. Yet a scientific study of the plants to determine their
antimicrobial active compounds is a comparatively new field. The traditional
medicinal methods especially the use of medicinal plants still play a vital
role to cover the basic health needs in the developing countries.
Sansevieria liberica
(family Agavaceae or Ruscaceae or Dracaenaceae) is one of the bowstring hemp
species (Evans, 2005), with concave, short petioled leaves that are in part
transversely banded with light and dark green, or may be linearly striated with
whitish to light green and dark green striations (Reed,1978). The leaves are
rich in fibres (Ikewuchi et al., 2010a;
Osabohien and Egboh, 2008), protein (Ikewuchi et al., 2010a), potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, biotin,
riboflavin (Ikewuchi and Ikewuchi, 2009).
It is used in traditional medicine to cure
numerous ailments like cough, hemorrhoids infections, inflammation, tooth pain,
feverish, malaria (Iwu, 2011; Jeff, 2006; Joanne et al., 2009; Kay, 2006). The cure characteristics and physicomechanical
properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with fibres of Sansevieria liberica and carbon black
have been investigated and compared (Osabohien et al., 2007). It amino acids, mineral, and vitamins composition as
well as antidiarrhoeal effect have also been studied (Ikewuchi et al., 2009; Adeyemi et al., 2009).
This
present study seeks to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the Sansevieria liberica against isolate o f
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
The
objectives of the study are:
i)
Determining the antibacterial effect of Sansevieria liberica on some pathogenic
bacteria.
ii)
Identifying the
phytochemical constituents responsible for its effect.
iii)
Establishing their effective
minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant extract on the pathogenic
bacteria.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
Several
works have been documented on the medicinal properties of Sansevieria liberica as well as its induced hepatoxicity on rats. However,
little or nothing is known about its effects on pathogenic bacteria. This work
specifically evaluates the effect of Sansevieria
liberica against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia
coli and Bacillus subtilis.
1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Many
antibacterical synthetic drugs are currently in use. Reports also show that
many strains of bacteria are developing resistance to these drugs; also the
possibility of side effects of chemotherapies is there. Researchers tend to
look into the plant world for bioactive compounds that can complement or even
replace some of the current drugs in use.
This
project seeks to study the potential of Sansevieria
liberica plant in filling the gaps by understanding of its activity against
some known pathogenic bacteria.
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