ABSTRACT
This study investigates the effects of rural-urban migration on the sociopolitical development of Jigawa State, with a particular focus on Hadejia Local Government Area (LGA). Rural-urban migration has emerged as a significant trend in many parts of Nigeria, including Jigawa, driven by factors such as the search for better economic opportunities, access to improved education and healthcare, agricultural challenges, and political instability in rural areas. The study examines the impact of this migration on local governance, economic activities, and social dynamics in both rural and urban settings. It reveals that while urban areas benefit from an influx of human capital and economic growth, rural areas like Hadejia face socio-economic decline due to the depletion of their labor force, leading to a reduction in agricultural productivity and a weakening of community structures. Politically, the migration results in demographic shifts that alter voting patterns and political representation, with urban areas gaining more influence, leaving rural communities marginalized in political processes. The study also explores the cultural impact, with the younger generation leaving behind traditional values, further accelerating the rural-urban divide. The research emphasizes the need for targeted policies that address rural development, including improving infrastructure, enhancing agricultural techniques, and ensuring equitable political representation. By promoting sustainable urbanization and strengthening rural economies, the study advocates for a balanced approach to development that can mitigate the negative effects of migration while promoting socio-political stability and growth across the state. The findings highlight the importance of integrating both rural and urban areas into the broader development agenda to achieve inclusive and sustainable progress.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Migration
is an importance component of population change and of urban growth in
particular. The link between rural-urban migration and urbanization however,
goes far beyond the supply of additional population to urban center. Indeed, as
component of the urbanization process, migration and urbanization are both a
consequence of the modernization of an economy. Virtually, all the major
change, caused by and the socio-economic problems associated with rural urban
migration clearly manifested in the economic and society of contemporary
Nigeria. These include regional and sect oral in balance in economic
development, resulting in regional in-equality economic depression of some
rural areas, and the consequent increase in availability of consumption goods
in the rural area.
Out
migration from rural areas has contributed to the change in the traditional1
division of labour. It has also caused changes in the occupational structure of
the economic which has contributed to record a market decline in the
agricultural labour forces. Interestingly, rural urban migration in less
developed countries like Nigeria has been viewed in terms of labour transfer
who gradually withdraws surplus labour from the rural sector to provide needed
man power for urban industrial growth. A process deemed economically beneficial
because human resources were being shifted from location where their social
marginal product was often assumed to be zero to place where the marginal
product is not only positive but also rapidly growing as a result of capital
accumulation and technological progress (Todoro and Stephen 2016).
Finally,
increasing rural-urban migration has resulted in urban employment and
under-employment (UN 2020).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The
rapid urbanization of the world population over the 20 century is described in
the 2005 revision of the UN world urbanization prospects report. The global
proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13%% (220 million) in
1900 to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005.The same report
projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030. In
the middle of 2007, the majority of the people worldwide would be living in the
city for the first time in history "urban millennium" (UN HABITAT
annual report 2018). By 2030 the world population living in urban areas will be
°/5 (Stephen 2019).
A
crisis therefore exists, crisis situation of population growth and its attended
problems all due to the factor that have to do with poverty when it comes to
Northern Nigeria. "In the North, there is no state with poverty level less
than 60% the lowest is in the "urban" cities and it ranges from the
upper 60 to 95 percent in a state in the north" (soludo 2018). As such,
the rate of rural urban migration is filed by the third world countries
government inability to provide supportive rural programs to faster
development. This is evident as "The poverty in your respective villages,
what have you done about it?" (Soludo, 2018).
For
the past decades, rural development programs in Nigeria have largely been
geared toward the provision of school, hospital, electricity and water supply
e.t.c.
Economic
activities such as deliberately establishing manufacturing and processing
industries and introducing or expanding rural cottage industries have either
been neglected or disproportionately emphasized.
In
Jigawa State, the effect of rural urban migration has led rural and urban
unemployment of 5.1 rates in national Bureau of statistics (NBS 2014). Total
reported road accident 517 in 2015 (Nigeria police force) and 54 reported armed
robbery in 2015 (Nigerian police force). This project is armed at analyzing
issues of rural urban migration to be able to bring them into research tools
because of their impact to urban sector. Perhaps, a view of Jigawa state
rural-urban migration will make this point clearer.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The
aims of this research work are to achieve the following objectives.
i.
To identify the
impact of rural-urban migration
ii.
To examine the
causes of rural-urban migration
iii.
To determine the
nature of the relationship between rural-urban migration, economic growth and
unemployment.
1.4 Research Question
This
research work seeks to answer the following questions.
i.
What are the
impacts of rural-urban migration?
ii.
What are the
major causes of rural-urban migration?
iii.
What are the
relationship between the rural-urban migration, economic growth and
unemployment?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Jigawa
state is characterized by a lower rate of population as compared to other
states in Nigeria. The 2021 population census shows that, the population of
Jigawa state was 4,361,002 National population commission (NPC 2019). After 10
years, the population of Jigawa state has risen to 5,828,163 in the year 2021,
The rate of population growth in the rural local government of Jigawa State
Like Ringim local government area is low with increase in population from 1991
to 2006 as 25781 while urban local government like Ringim is also low with
increase in population from 2005 to 2018 as 91002 (NPC and Federal Republic of
Nigeria official Gazette 2019).
Rural
urban migration is said to be fueled by the Jigawa state government city bias
in budgetary allocation of N76.7 billion for infrastructural development in the
cities (Daily Trust 2019).
The
concept of rural urban migration has been receiving great concern by the
government and policy makers especially in tackling the issue of poverty as the
primary reason for migration. The government of Jigawa State has shifted its
2010 budgetary allocation of 5 billion Naira to rural development (Federal
Radio 2019) armed to reducing the growth impact of the consequences of rural
decay on the social and economic affairs of the country. It is indeed
justifiable that this research will make significant contribution in improving
the understanding of the nature course and implication of rural urban migration
in Jigawa state.
1.6 Scope of The Study
The
research work is aimed at analyzing Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa
State in term of rural urban migration. It will subject its analysis to the
cause and implication of rural urban migration in Ringim Local Government
Jigawa State on the sample of the entire indigenes of Ringim local government
of Jigawa state.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Some
of the available constraints faced by the researcher are presented below:
1. Time
constraint: To do adequate justice, the duration allowed for thee completion
and submission of this research work is very limited, not to talk about other
school activities such as coping with lectures, tests schedules and most of all
researching for assignment and the project work at hand.
2. Financial
constraints: The work is really tasking and in my financial capacity as a student
it is not easy to meet up with.
3. Sourcing
for adequate and relevant information cover the research is not encouraging as
the respondent where not cooperating.
1.8 Historical Background of the Case Study
Ringim,
a local government area in Jigawa State, Nigeria, has a rich history:
Settlement
The
first settlers in Ringim were the Kutumbawa, migrants from Kano who settled in
the eastern part of the area around 1800. They named their settlement
"Rinji", a common name for settlements of people, animals, or birds.
Economic development
Ringim
is known for its economic development, which includes farming, marketing, and
fruit production. The area is fertile for farming in both wet and dry seasons,
and produces a variety of crops, including groundnuts, millet, sorghum, cowpea,
cassava, and maize. The area also has many fruit trees along the river banks.
Education
Western
education began in Ringim in 1930 with the establishment of Katutu Primary
School. In 1954, Sabon Gida Senior Primary School was established. The
Universal Primary Education (UPE) program in 1976 led to the introduction of
more schools and a significant increase in student enrollment.
Location
Ringim
is bordered by Kano State to the west, Garki Local Government Area to the
north, Dutse Local Government Area to the southeast, and Taura and Jahun Local
Government Areas to the east.
Population
The
majority of the population in Ringim are Hausa and Fulani. The main occupations
of the people are farming, livestock and poultry farming, marketing, and
administrative civil service.
The
people of Ringim are largely Muslim, although some follow indigenous belief
systems. The town lies to the north of the Ringim River, and is upstream from
the Ringim Taura wetlands. Ringim is an internationally important ecological
and sensitive zone.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Ø Analysis:
Analysis is the process of identifying the strength and weaknesses of the firm
by properly establishing relationship between items of statements (Lipsey,
2019).
Ø Rural Urban
migration: Rural-urban migration is a movement of a
rural resident(s) to an urban destination for different reasons. The area of
origin (departure) is a place from which a move is made whereas area of
destination (arrival) is a place where the move is terminated (UN 2010:2) cited
in (ASsefa: 2019, p.3).
Ø Migration:
Migration is the movement of people from one location to another and widely
associated with change of permanent place of residence (Thet: 2019, p.2).
1.10 Plan of the Study
This
research study is divided into five (5) chapter of which
Chapter
One consist of general background, introduction, statement of the problem,
objective of the study, significance of the study, research questions, scope
and limitation of the study, historical background of the case study,
definition of terms, plan of the study and references.
Chapter
Two consist of Literature review, introduction, the concept of rural-urban
migration, the impact of rural-urban migration, causes of rural-urban
migration, measures to be taking to reduce rural-urban migration, the relationship
between rural-urban migration and economic growth, rural-urban migration and
unemployment, theoretical model, theoretical framework and reference.
Chapter
Three consist of research methodology, introduction, research design,
population of the study, sample size, sample size determination, sampling
techniques, method of data collection, research instrument, method of data
analysis, reference.
Chapter
Four also consist of data presentation interpretation and analysis,
introduction, demographic data of the respondent, responses presentation and
analysis, reference.
Chapter
Five consist of Summary, conclusion, recommendations, bibliography and appendix
(questionnaire design).
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